Rickettsioses: Penyakit Tular Vektor yang Terabaikan

Authors

Nova Pramestuti, Kementerian Kesehatan RI; Dyah Widiastuti, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional; Eva Lestari, Kementerian Kesehatan RI; Ihda Zuyina Ratna Sari , Kementerian Kesehatan RI; Silvia Apriliana, Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Keywords:

rickettsioses, murine typhus, scrub typhus, ektoparasit, pinjal, tungau, chigger, caplak, kutu, spotted fever group, typhus group, tikus, Indonesia

Synopsis

Rickettsioses merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang kurang menjadi perhatian karena gejalanya tidak spesifik pada fase awal penyakit sehingga sulit dibedakan dengan infeksi lain dan keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana laboratorium untuk konfirmasi diagnosis. Di Indonesia, rickettsioses belum dimasukkan sebagai diagnosis banding untuk deteksi infeksi penyakit lainnya, seperti infeksi dengue, malaria, demam tifoid, dan leptospirosis di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, baik di puskesmas maupun rumah sakit. Hadirnya buku ini diharapkan bisa memberikan penjelasan tentang rickettsioses secara komprehensif sehingga informasi yang didapatkan tidak terpotong-potong serta lebih memudahkan dalam mempelajari dan memahaminya. Buku atau sumber sejenis yang membahas topik tentang rickettsioses sudah banyak, tetapi tidak membahas secara komprehensif, bahkan di Indonesia belum ada. Semoga buku ini dapat bermanfaat dan menjadi referensi bagi orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang parasitologi dan penyakit tropis, peneliti yang mendalami rickettsioses, mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) ahli parasitologi, serta mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran dan fakultas kesehatan masyarakat yang ingin mendalami rickettsioses. Selamat membaca!

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Nova Pramestuti, Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Penulis saat ini bekerja di Balai Litbang Kesehatan Banjarnegara. Ia mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Kesehatan Masyarakat dari Universitas Diponegoro Semarang dan Master of Science program studi Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis dari Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Karya yang pernah ditulis dalam bidang penyakit tular vektor terutama Rickettsia dengan judul “Evidence of Rickettsia typhi in Rat Fleas of Various Habitat and the Potential Transmission of Murine Typhus in Banjarnegara, Central Java, Indonesia” dan "Detection of Rickettsial Infection Among Febrile Patients in Semarang City". Penulis dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: nova.pramestuti87@gmail.com.

Dyah Widiastuti, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Penulis saat ini bekerja di Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional. Ia mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Biologi dari Universitas Diponegoro Semarang dan Master of Science dari Program Studi Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Penulis banyak menggeluti bidang penyakit bersumber binatang dan lebih memfokuskan kajiannya pada topik yang berkaitan dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium baik menggunakan pendekatan molekuler maupun imunologi. Beberapa artikel ilmiahnya telah diterbitkan baik di jurnal nasional terakreditasi maupun jurnal internasional. Penulis dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: umi.azki@gmail.com.

Eva Lestari, Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Penulis saat ini bekerja di Balai Litbang Kesehatan Banjarnegara. Latar belakang pendidikan yaitu Kesehatan Masyarakat dari Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Fokus penelitian di bidang kesehatan masyarakat dengan kepakaran Epidemiologi dan Biostatistik. Penelitian yang sudah dilakukan seputar penyakit bersumber binatang yaitu demam dengue, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis dan rickettsioses. Beberapa publikasi yang dihasilkan antara lain: Teknik Serangga Mandul Nyamuk Culex quinquefasciatus sebagai Upaya Pengendalian Vektor Filariasis di Kota Pekalongan (Aspirator Vol. 10 No.1, Juni 2018); Potensi Minyak Atsiri Bunga Lawang (Illicium verum) sebagai Repelen Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Balaba Vol. 15 No. 1, Juni 2019); dan Hubungan Infestasi Ctenocephalides felis dan Xenopsylla cheopis dengan Perawatan Kucing Rumah (Felis catus) di Kabupaten Banjarnegara (Balaba Vol. 16 No. 2, Desember 2020). Penulis dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: evalestari.epid@gmail.com.

Ihda Zuyina Ratna Sari , Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Penulis saat ini bekerja di Balai Litbang Kesehatan Banjarnegara. Ia mendapatkan gelar Sarjana dari Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta dan Master of Science dari Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Penulis mempunyai ketertarikan pada penelitian tentang pemanfaatan agensia hayati untuk pengendalian penyakit khususnya penyakit tular binatang/vektor. Penulis dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: ihda.zuyina.r@gmail.com.

Silvia Apriliana, Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Penulis saat ini bekerja di Balai Litbang Kesehatan Banjarnegara. Ia mendapatkan gelar Sarjana dan Profesi Dokter dari Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Penulis mempunyai ketertarikan pada penelitian tentang kesehatan ibu dan anak serta kesehatan reproduksi. Penulis ­dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: sil.scolast@gmail.com.

References

Abdad, M. Y., Stenos, J., & Graves, S. (2011). Rickettsia felis: An emerging flea-transmitted human pathogen. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7168.

Acestor, N., Cooksey, R., Newton, P. N., Ménard, D., Guerin, P. J., Nakagawa, J., Christophel, E., González, I. J., & Bell, D. (2012). Mapping the aetiology of non-malarial febrile illness in Southeast Asia through a systematic review-terra incognita impairing treatment policies. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e44269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044269.

Ahmed, R., Paul, S. K., Hossain, M. A., Ahmed, S., Mahmud, M. C., Nasreen, S. A., Ferdouse, F., Sharmi, R. H., Ahamed, F., Ghosh, S., Urushibara, N., Aung, M. S., & Kobayashi, N. (2016). Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis in humans, cats, and cat fleas in Bangladesh, 2013–2014. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 16(5), 356–358. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1886.

Akram, S., Jamil, R., & Gossman, W. (2021). Rickettsia akari. Dalam StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448081/

Akram, S. M., Ladd, M., & King, K. C. (2021). Rickettsia prowazekii. Dalam StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448173/.

Alvarez-Hernandez, G., Roldán, J. F. G., Milan, N. S. H., Lash, R. R., Behravesh, C. B., & Paddock, C. D. (2017). Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico: Past, present, and future. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(6), e189–e196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30173-1.

Angelakis, E., Botelho, E., Socolovschi, C., Sobas, C. R., Piketty, C., Parola, P., & Raoult, D. (2010). Murine typhus as a cause of fever in travelers from Tunisia and Mediterranean areas. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17(5), 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00435.x.

Angelakis, E., Mediannikov, O., Parola, P., & Raoult, D. (2016). Rickettsia felis: The complex journey of an emergent human pathogen. Trends in Parasitology, 32(7), 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.009.

Angelakis, E., & Raoult, D. (2017). Rickettsia and Rickettsia-like organisms. Dalam Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edi). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00187-8.

Aung, A. K., Spelman, D. W., Murray, R. J., & Graves, S. (2014). Rickettsial infections in Southeast Asia: Implications for local populace and febrile returned travelers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91(3), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0191.

Azad, A.F. (1986). Mites of public health importance and their control. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine.

Azad, A. Farhang, & Traub, R. (1985). Transmission of murine typhus Rickettsiae by Xenopsylla cheopis, with notes on experimental infection and effects of temperature. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 34, 555–563.

Azad, A.F, Sacci, J. B., Nelson, W. M., Dasch, G. A., Schmidtmann, E. T., & Carl, M. (1992). Genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(1), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.1.43.

Barbara, K. A., Farzeli, A., Ibrahim, I. N., Antonjaya, U., Yunianto, A., Winoto, I., Ester, Perwitasari, D., Widjaya, S., Richards, A. L., Williams, M., & Blair, P. J. (2010). Rickettsial infections of fleas collected from small mammals on four Islands in Indonesia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 47(6), 1173–1178. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME10064.

Barua, S., Hoque, M. M., Kelly, P. J., Poudel, A., Adekanmbi, F., Kalalah, A., Yang, Y., & Wang, C. (2020). First report of Rickettsia felis in mosquitoes, USA. Emerging Microbes and Infections, 9(1), 1008–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1760736.

Basak, R., & Islam, N. (2013). Typhus fever: An uncommon childhood infection—Report of a case from Northern Region of Bangladesh. Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal, 12(2), 49–51. https://doi.org/10.11566/cmoshmcj.v12i2.40.

Bayliss, D. B., Morris, A. K., Horta, M. C., Labruna, M. B., Radecki, S. V., Hawley, J. R., Brewer, M. M., & Lappin, M. R. (2009). Prevalence of Rickettsia species antibodies and Rickettsia species DNA in the blood of cats with and without fever. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(4), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.06.007.

Behan-Pelletier, V., Cook, D. R., Harvey, M. S., Keirans, J. E., Krantz, G. W., Lindquist, E. E., Norton, R. A., OConnor, B. M., Smith, I. M., & Walter, D. E. (2009). A manual of acarology (G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter (eds.); Third edit). Texas Tech University Press.

Biggs, H. M., Behravesh, C. B., Bradley, K. K., Dahlgren, F. S., Drexler, N. A., Dumler, J. S., Folk, S. M., & Kato, C. Y. (2016). Diagnosis and management of tickborne Rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other Spotted Fever group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis-United States. MMWR Recomm Rep, 65(No. RR-2), 1–44. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6502a1.

Binder, W. D., & Gupta, R. (2015). African tick-bite fever in a returning traveler. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 48(5), 562–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.044.

Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F., & Raoult, D. (2010). Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14(8), e667–e676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.011.

Blanton, L. S., Dumler, J. S., & Walker, D. H. (2014). Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus). In Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (8th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 2221–2224). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00192-2.

Blanton, L. S., Idowu, B. M., Tatsch, T. N., Henderson, J. M., Bouyer, D. H., & Walker, D. H. (2016). Opossums and cat fleas: New insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(2), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0197.

Blanton, L. S., & Walker, D. H. (2014). Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic or louse-borne typhus). Dalam Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edi, Vol. 2). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00191-0.

Blanton, L. S., & Walker, D. H. (2017). Flea-borne Rickettsioses and Rickettsiae. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(1), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0537.

Bonell, A., Lubell, Y., Newton, P. N., Crump, J. A., & Paris, D. H. (2017). Estimating the burden of scrub typhus: A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005838.

Borkakoty, B., Jakharia, A., Biswas, D., & Mahanta, J. (2016). Co-infection of scrub typhus and leptospirosis in patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in Longding District of Arunachal Pradesh in 2013. Indian J Med Microbiol, 34(1), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.17411610.4103/0255-0857.174116.

Boyd, A. S. (1997). Rickettsialpox. Dermatologic Clinics, 15(2), 313–318.

Brown, L. D., & Macaluso, K. R. (2016). Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne Rickettsiosis. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 3(2), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-016-0070-6.

Centers for Disease Control. (2006). Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis. United States: A practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health profesionals. MMWR Recomm Rep., 55, 1–27.

Centers for Disease Control. (2017, 8 Desember). Fleas. Diakses dari https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fleas/index.html.

Centers for Disease Control. (2019, 12 September). Body lice. Diakses dari https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/body/index.html.

Centers for Disease Control. (2020, 13 November). Flea-borne (murine) typhus. Diakses dari https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html.

Chikeka, I., & Dumler, J. S. (2015). Neglected bacterial zoonoses. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21(5), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.022.

Chochlakis, D., Germanakis, A., Chaliotis, G., Kapetanaki, S., Kalogeraki, L., Gkika, E., Partalis, N., Polymili, G., Tselentis, Y., & Psaroulaki, A. (2018). Potential exposure of humans to Rickettsia felis in Greece. Acta Tropica, 178(October 2017), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.020.

Clark, L., & Williams, V. F. (2019). Historical review: Rickettsial diseases and their impact on U.S. military forces. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report, 26(8), 28–33.

De Lemos, E. R. S., Alvarenga, F. B. F., Cintra, M. L., Ramos, M. C., Paddock, C. D., Ferebee, T. L., Zaki, S. R., Ferreira, F. C. C., Ravagnani, R. C., Machado, R. D., Guimarães, M. A. A. M., & Coura, J. R. (2001). Spotted fever in Brazil: A seroepidemiological study and description of clinical cases in an endemic area in the state of São Paulo. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(4), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.329.

Dennis, D. T., Hadi, T. R., Brown, R. J., Sukaeri, S., Leksana, B., & Cholid, R. (1981). A survey of scrub and murine typhus in the Ancol section of Jakarta, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 12(4), 574–580.

Devamani, C. S., Schmidt, W. P., Ariyoshi, K., Anitha, A., Kalaimani, S., & Prakash, J. A. J. (2020). Risk factors for scrub typhus, murine typhus, and spotted fever seropositivity in urban areas, rural plains, and peri-forest hill villages in South India: A cross-sectional study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(1), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0642.

Dieme, C., Bechah, Y., Socolovschi, C., Audoly, G., Berenger, J., & Faye, O. (2015). Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 8088–8093. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413835112.

Dobler, G., & Pfeffer, M. (2011). Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasites and Vectors, 4(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-139.

Doppler, J. F., & Newton, P. N. (2020). A systematic review of the untreated mortality of murine typhus. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(9), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008641.

Durden, L. A. (2019). Lice (Phthiraptera). Dalam Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Issue 1968). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00007-8.

Durden, L. A., & Hinkle, N. C. (2019). Fleas (Siphonaptera). Dalam Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00010-8.

Eisen, R. J., & Gage, K. L. (2012). Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Annual Review of Entomology, 57, 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100717.

Eldin, C., & Parola, P. (2018). Update on tick-borne bacterial diseases in travelers. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 20(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0624-y.

Elliott, I., Pearson, I., Dahal, P., Thomas, N. V., Roberts, T., & Newton, P. N. (2019). Scrub typhus ecology: A systematic review of Orientia in vectors and hosts. Parasites and Vectors, 12(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3751-x.

Faa, A., McBride, W., Garstone, G., Thompson, R. E., & Holt, P. (2003). Scrub typhus in the Torres Strait Islands Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(4), 8–10.

Farhang-Azad, A., Traub, R., & Baqar, S. (1985). Transovarial tranmission of murine typhus Rickettsiae. Science, 227, 543–545.

Fournier, P.-E., & Raoult, D. (2012). Tick-borne spotted fever Rickettsioses. Dalam Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease: Tenth Edition (Tenth Edit, 546–552). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-4390-4.00064-3.

Gandahusada, S., Dennis, D., Stafford, E., Hartono, T., Sopadijo, Rasidi, C., & Irving, G. (1981). Infectious disease risk to transmigrant communities in Indonesia: A survey in Lampung Province, Sumatra. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 9(1), 15–24.

Gasem, M. H., Wagenaar, J. F. P., Goris, M. G. A., Adi, M. S., Isbandrio, B. B., Hartskeerl, R. A., Rolain, J. M., Raoult, D., & Van Gorp, E. C. M. (2009). Murine typhus and leptospirosis as causes of acute undifferentiated fever, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(6), 975–977. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1506.081405.

George, T., Rajan, S. J., Peter, J. V., Hansdak, S. G., Prakash, J. A. J., Iyyadurai, R., Mathuram, A., Antonisamy, B., Ramanathan, K., & Sudarsanam, T. D. (2018). Risk factors for acquiring scrub typhus among the adults. J Glob Infect Dis ., 10(3), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_63_17.

Gispen, R., Gan, K., & Westermann, C. (1951). Endemic typhus in Java. I. Incidence and distribution of shop typhus. Documenta Nerrland. at Indones. Morbis. Trop., 3(1), 60–66.

Gispen, R., & Warsa, R. (1951). Endemic typhus in Java.- II. The natural infection of rats and rat ectoparasites; identity of shop typhus and murine typhus. Documenta Nerrland. at Indones. Morbis. Trop., 3, 155–162.

Gleim, E., Conner, L., Bergaus, R., Levin, M., Zemtsova, G., & Yabsley, M. (2014). The phenology of ticks and the effects of long-term prescribed burning on tick population dynamics in southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. PLoS One, 9, e112174.

Gu, X. L., Qi, R., Li, W. Q., Jiao, Y. J., Yu, H., & Yu, X. J. (2021). Misdiagnosis of scrub typhus as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and potential coinfection of both diseases in patients in Shandong Province, China, 2013–2014. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(3), 2013–2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009270.

Gurung, S., Pradhan, J., & Bhutia, P. Y. (2013). Outbreak of scrub typhus in the North East Himalayan region-Sikkim: An emerging threat. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 31(1), 72–74. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.108729.

Gutierrez, L., Surani, S., Nelson, D., & El-Milady, N. (2010). Murine typhus in pregnancy. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 339(4), 378–379. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181cc8e9b.

Hadi, T R, Nalim, S., Sukaeri, S., & Dennis, D. T. (1980). Scrub typhus survey of Biak and Owi Islands: Ectoparasites of small mammals and rickettsial isolations. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 11(2), 220–226.

Hadi, Tuti R., Supalin, & Annie, C. (1986). A survey of murine typhus in Mulyorejo Village, Way Abung III Transmigration Scheme, Lampung Utara, Sumatra, Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 14(3).

Hadi, Tuti R, Supalin, S., Nalim, S., & Chang, A. (1984). Ekologi penyakit scrub typhus di unit desa transmigrasi Mulyorejo, Way Abung III, Lampung Utara: Suatu penelitian pendahuluan. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 12(2), 11–18. http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/BPK/article/view/602

Hendershot, E. F., & Sexton, D. J. (2009). Scrub typhus and rickettsial diseases in international travelers: A review. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 11(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-009-0010-x.

Hidalgo, M., Miranda, J., Heredia, D., Zambrano, P., Vesga, J. F., Lizarazo, D., Mattar, S., & Valbuena, G. (2011). Outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Córdoba, Colombia. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106(1), 117–118. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000100019.

Higgins, J. A., Sacci, J. B., Schriefer, M. E., Endris, R. G., & Azad, A. F. (1994). Molecular identification of Rickettsia like microorganisms associated with colonized cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Insect Molecular Biology, 3(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.1994.tb00147.x.:

Hill, C. A., & Macdonald, J. F. (2018). Human lice: Biology and public health risk. https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/publications/E-245/E-245.html#:~:text=The%20head%20louse%20spreads%20from,items%2C%20especially%20under%20crowded%20conditions.

Hirunkanokpun, S., Thepparit, C., Foil, L. D., & Macaluso, K. R. (2011). Horizontal transmission of Rickettsia felis between cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis. Mol Ecol., 20(21), 4577–4586. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vn88q.Hirunkanokpun.

Holman, R. C., Paddock, C. D., Curns, A. T., Krebs, J. W., McQuiston, J. H., & Childs, J. E. (2001). Analysis of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Evidence for superiority of tetracyclines for therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 184(11), 1437–1444. https://doi.org/10.1086/324372.

Hun, L., & Troyo, A. (2012). An update on the detection and treatment of Rickettsia felis. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, 47. https://doi.org/10.2147/rrtm.s24753.

Iannino, F., Sulli, N., Maitino, A., Ilaria, P., Guglielmo, P., & Salucci, S. (2017). Fleas of dog and cat: Species, biology and flea-borne diseases. Veterinaria Italiana, 53(4), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.12834.

Ibarra, J. (1993). Lice (Anoplura). Medical Insects and Arachnids, 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1554-4_15.

Ibrahim, I. N., Okabayashi, T., Ristiyanto, Lestari, E. W., Yanase, T., Muramatsu, Y., Ueno, H., & Morita, C. (1999). Serosurvey of wild rodents for Rickettsia in Java Island. Dalam European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 89–93.

Jensenius, M., Davis, X., Von Sonnenburg, F., Schwartz, E., Keystone, J. S., Leder, K., Lopéz-Véléz, R., Caumes, E., Cramer, J. P., Chen, L., & Parola, P. (2009). Multicenter GeoSentinel analysis of rickettsial diseases in international travelers, 1996–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(11), 1791–1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090677.

Jensenius, M., Fournier, P. E., & Raoult, D. (2004a). Rickettsioses and the international traveler. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39(10), 1493–1499. https://doi.org/10.1086/425365.

Jensenius, M., Fournier, P. E., & Raoult, D. (2004b). Tick-borne rickettsioses in international travellers. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8(3), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2003.06.004.

Jeong, H. J., Choi, S., Lee, J., Gill, B., Lee, K. M., Lee, Y. S., Kim, C. M., Yun, N. R., & Kim, D. M. (2019). Case report: Scrub typhus and Q fever coinfection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100(5), 1130–1133. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0092.

Jiang, J., Farris, C. M., Yeh, K. B., & Richards, A. L. (2021). International Rickettsia disease surveillance: An example of cooperative research to increase laboratory capability and capacity for risk assessment of Rickettsial outbreaks worldwide. Frontiers in Medicine, 8(March). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.622015.

Jiang, J., Soeatmadji, D. W., Henry, K. M., Ratiwayanto, S., Bangs, M. J., & Richards, A. L. (2006). Rickettsia felis in Xenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(8), 1281–1283. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1208.060327.

Joharina, A. S., Mulyono, A., Sari, T. F., Rahardianingtyas, E., Wicaksonoputro, D. B., Pracoyo, N. E., & Ristiyanto, R. (2016). Rickettsia pada pinjal tikus (Xenopsylla cheopis) di daerah Pelabuhan Semarang, Kupang dan Maumere. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v44i4.4920.237-244.

Jolley, J. A., Pelayo, R., Hatfield, T. J., & McNulty, J. (2010). Murine typhus in a pregnant woman. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116(2), 541–543. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e24bea.

Kesuma, A. (2007). Pinjal (fleas). Balaba, 4(1), 20–21.

Kim, I. S., & Walker, D. H. (2011). Scrub typhus. Dalam Tropical Infectious Diseases (3rd ed., pp. 334–338). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00051-3.

Kollipara, R., & Tyring, S. K. (2016). Rickettsial infections. Dalam Tropical Dermatology: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-29634-2.00023-7.

Kumsa, B., Parola, P., Raoult, D., & Socolovschi, C. (2014). Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis and Bartonella henselae in dog and cat fleas in Central Oromia, Ethiopia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90(3), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0010.

Kuo, C. C., Huang, J. L., Ko, C. Y., Lee, P. F., & Wang, H. C. (2011). Spatial analysis of scrub typhus infection and its association with environmental and socioeconomic factors in Taiwan. Acta Tropica, 120(1–2), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.018.

Labropoulou, S., Charvalos, E., Chatzipanagiotou, S., Ioannidis, A., Sylignakis, P., Taka, S., Karageorgou, I., Linou, M., Mpizta, G., Mentis, A., Edouard, S., Raoult, D., & Angelakis, E. (2021). Sunbathing: A possible risk factor of murine typhus infection in greece. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009186.

Lambert, J. S. (2020). An overview of tickborne infections in pregnancy and outcomes in the newborn: The need for prospective studies. Frontiers in Medicine, 7(March). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00072.

Laudisoit, A., Falay, D., Amundala, N., Akaibe, D., Bellocq, J. lle G. y de, Houtte, N. Van, Breno, M., Verheyen, E., Wilschut, L., Parola, P., Raoult, D., & Socolovschi, C. (2014). High prevalence of Rickettsia typhi and Bartonella species in rats and fleas, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 90(3), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0216.

Laurance, W. F., Albernaz, A. L., & Fearnside, P. (2002). Predictors of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 737–748. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00721.x.

Lee, W., Ou, T., Chen, F., Hsu, C., & Jean, S. (2015). Co-infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a traveler. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 48, 121–122.

Legendre, K. P., & Macaluso, K. R. (2017). Rickettsia felis: A review of transmission mechanisms of an emerging pathogen. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2040064.

Lestari, E., Rahmawati, R., & Ningsih, D. P. (2020). Hubungan infestasi Ctenocephalides felis dan Xenopsylla cheopis dengan perawatan kucing rumah (Felis catus) di Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Balaba: Jurnal Litbang Pengendalian Penyakit Bersumber Binatang Banjarnegara, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v16i2.3169.

Letaïef, A. O., Kaabia, N., Chakroun, M., Khalifa, M., Bouzouaia, N., & Jemni, L. (2005). Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in central Tunisia: A report of seven cases. Int J Infect Dis, 9(6), 331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2004.09.011.

Lewis, R. E. (1993). Flea (Siphonaptera). Dalam R. P. Lane & R. W. Crosskey (Eds.), Medical insect and arachnids. Springer, Dordrecht.

Liat, L. B., & Hadi, T. R. (1986). Status of scrub typhus research in Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 14(1), 37–49.

Licona-Enriquez, J. D., Delgado-De La Mora, J., Paddock, C. D., Ramirez-Rodriguez, C. A., Del Carmen Candia-Plata, M., & Hernández, G. Á. (2017). Case report: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and pregnancy: Four cases from Sonora, Mexico. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(3), 795–798. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0917.

Liu, D. (2015). Rickettsia. Dalam Molecular Medical Microbiology (2043–2056). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00111-6.

Lokida, D., Hadi, U., Lau, C. Y., Kosasih, H., Liang, C. J., Rusli, M., Sudarmono, P., Lukman, N., Laras, K., Asdie, R. H., Murniati, D., Utama, I. M. S., Mubin, R. H., Karyana, M., Gasem, M. H., & Alisjahbana, B. (2020). Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: Observational study results. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05057-9.

Luce-Fedrow, A., Lehman, M. L., Kelly, D. J., Mullins, K., Maina, A. N., Stewart, R. L., Ge, H., John, H. S., Jiang, J., & Richards, A. L. (2018). A review of scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi and related organisms): Then, now, and tomorrow. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3010008.

Lv, Y., Guo, X. G., & Jin, D. C. (2018). Research progress on Leptotrombidium deliense. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 56(4), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.313.

Mahajan, S. K. (2012). Rickettsial diseases. JAPY, 60, 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_104.

Mahajan, S. K., Kaushik, M., Raina, R., & Thakur, P. (2014). Scrub typhus and malaria co-infection causing severe sepsis. Tropical Doctor, 44(1), 43–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049475513512640.

Maina, A. N., Fogarty, C., Krueger, L., MacAluso, K. R., Odhiambo, A., Odhiambo, K., Farris, C. M., Luce-Fedrow, A., Bennett, S., Jiang, J., Sun, S., Cummings, R. F., & Richards, A. L. (2016). Rickettsial infections among ctenocephalides felis and host animals during a flea-borne rickettsioses outbreak in orange county, California. PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160604.

Manappallil, R. G. (2017). Typh fevers: A combination of typhoid and typhus. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(6), 40–41. https://doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i6.18270.

Martinez, M. A. C., Ramírez-hernández, A., & Blanton, L. S. (2021). Manifestations and management of flea-borne Rickettsioses. Res Rep Trop Med., 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S274724

Mawuntu, A. H. P., Johar, E., Anggraeni, R., Feliana, F., Janno, B., Id, B. B., Safari, D., Yudhaputri, F. A., Dhenni, R., Dewi, Y. P., Kato, C., Powers, A. M., Rosenberg, R., Soebandrio, A., & Myint, K. S. A. (2020). Rickettsia felis identified in two fatal cases of acute meningoencephalitis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14(2), e0007893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007893.

Mazumder, R. N., Pietroni, M. A. C., Mosabbir, N., & Salam, M. A. (2009). Typhus fever: An overlooked diagnosis. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 27(3), 419–421. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i3.3385.

McGready, R., Prakash, J. A. J., Benjamin, S. J., Watthanaworawit, W., Anantatat, T., Tanganuchitcharnchai, A., Ling, C. L., Tan, S. O., Ashley, E. A., Pimanpanarak, M., Blacksell, S. D., Day, N. P., Singhasivanon, P., White, N. J., Nosten, F., & Paris, D. H. (2014). Pregnancy outcome in relation to treatment of murine typhus and scrub typhus infection: A fever cohort and a case series analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(11), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003327.

Mehta, V., Bhasi, A., Panda, P. K., & Gupta, P. (2019). A coinfection of severe leptospirosis and scrub typhus in Indian Himalayas. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8, 3416–3418. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc.

Mourembou, G., Lekana-Douki, J. B., Mediannikov, O., Nzondo, S. M., Kouna, L. C., Essone, J. C. B. B., Fenollar, F., & Raoult, D. (2015). Possible role of Rickettsia felis in acute febrile illness among children in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(10), 1808–1815. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2110.141825.

Mullen, G. R., & OConnor, B. M. (2019). Mites (Acari). Dalam Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Issue 1972). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00026-1.

Nava, S., Venzal, J. M., González-Acuña, D., Martins, T. F., & Guglielmone, A. A. (2017). Tick classification, external tick anatomy with a glossary, and biological cycles. Dalam Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811075-1.00001-7.

Nicholson, W. L., Sonenshine, D. E., Noden, B. H., & Brown, R. N. (2019). Ticks (Ixodida). Dalam Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Issue 2002). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00027-3.

Nilsson, K., Wallménius, K., Rundlöf-Nygren, P., Strömdahl, S., & Påhlson, C. (2017). African tick bite fever in returning Swedish travellers. Report of two cases and aspects of diagnostics. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1343081.

Noh, M., Lee, Y., Chu, C., Gwack, J., Youn, S. K., & Huh, S. (2013). Are there spatial and temporal correlations in the incidence distribution of scrub typhus in Korea? Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 4(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.01.002.

Paddock, C. D. (2012). Rickettsialpox. Dalam Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease: Ninth Edition. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-4390-4.00065-5.

Paris, D. H., & Day, N. P. J. (2013). Tropical Rickettsial infections. Dalam Manson’s Tropical Diseases: Twenty-Third Edition (273–291). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00023-6.

Paris, D. H., Kelly, D. J., Fuerst, P. A., Day, N. P. J., & Richards, A. L. (2020). A brief history of the major Rickettsioses in the Asia–Australia–Pacific Region: A capstone review for the special issue of TMID. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(4), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040165.

Parola, P. (2011). Rickettsia felis: From a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(7), 996–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03516.x.

Parola, Philippe, Paddock, C. D., & Raoult, D. (2005). Tick-borne rickettsiosis around the world: Emerging disease challenging old concepts. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18(4), 719–756. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.4.719.

Parola, Philippe, Paddock, C. D., Socolovschi, C., Labruna, M. B., Mediannikov, O., Kernif, T., Abdad, M. Y., Stenos, J., Bitam, I., Fournier, P. E., & Raoult, D. (2013). Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: A geographic approach. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26(4), 657–702. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00032-13.

Parola, Philippe, & Raoult, D. (2006). Tropical rickettsioses. Clinics in Dermatology, 24(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.007.

Peenen, P. F. D. Van, & Koesharjono, C. (1977). Antibodies against murine typhus in sera from Indonesians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71(4), 297–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(77)90103-1.

Peng, P. Y., Guo, X. G., Jin, D. C., Dong, W. G., Qian, T. J., Qin, F., Yang, Z. H., & Fan, R. (2018). Landscapes with different biodiversity influence distribution of small mammals and their ectoparasitic chigger mites: A comparative study from southwest China. PLoS ONE, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189987.

Peniche Lara, G., Dzul-Rosado, K. R., Zavala Velázquez, J. E., & Zavala-Castro, J. (2012). Murine typhus: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Colombia Medica, 43(2), 175–180.

Phommasone, K., Paris, D. H., Anantatat, T., Castonguay-Vanier, J., Keomany, S., Souvannasing, P., Blacksell, S. D., Mayxay, M., & Newton, P. N. (2013). Concurrent infection with murine typhus and scrub typhus in Southern Laos-the mixed and the unmixed. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(8), e2163. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002163.

Phongmany, S., Rolain, J. M., Phetsouvanh, R., Blacksell, S. D., Soukkhaseum, V., Rasachack, B., Phiasakha, K., Soukkhaseum, S., Frichithavong, K., Chu, V., Keolouangkhot, V., Martinez-Aussel, B., Chang, K., Darasavath, C., Rattanavong, O., Sisouphone, S., Mayxay, M., Vidamaly, S., Parola, P., … Newton, P. N. (2006). Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(2), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1202.050900.

Pieracci, E. G., Evert, N., Drexler, N. A., Mayes, B., Vilcins, I., Huang, P., Campbell, J., Behravesh, C. B., & Paddock, C. D. (2017). Fatal flea-borne typhus in Texas: A retrospective case series, 1985-2015. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(5), 1088–1093. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0465.

Portillo, A., Santibanez, S., Alvarez, L. G., Palomar, A. M., & Oteo, J. A. (2015). Rickettsioses in Europe. Microbes and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.009.

Powers, J., & Badri, T. (2021, Juli 21). Pediculosis corporis. Dalam StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482148/.

Pramestuti, N., Umniyati, S. R., Mulyaningsih, B., Widiastuti, D., & Raharjo, J. (2018). Evidence of Rickettsia typhi in rat fleas of various habitat and the potential transmission of murine typhus in Banjarnegara, Central Java, Indonesia. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(8), 1548–1553.

Priyanto, D., Raharjo, J., & Rahmawati, R. (2020). Domestikasi tikus: kajian perilaku tikus dalam mencari sumber pangan dan membuat sarang. Balaba: Jurnal Litbang Pengendalian Penyakit Bersumber Binatang Banjarnegara, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v16i1.2601.

Punjabi, N. H., Taylor, W. R. J., Murphy, G. S., Purwaningsih, S., Picarima, H., Sisson, J., Olson, J. G., Baso, S., Wangsasaputra, F., Lesmana, M., Oyofo, B. A., Simanjuntak, C. H., Subekti, D., Corwin, A. L., & Richie, T. L. (2012). Etiology of acute, non-malaria, febrile illnesses in Jayapura, Northeastern Papua, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.10-0497.

Reif, K. E., & Macaluso, K. R. (2009). Ecology of Rickettsia felis: A review. Journal of Medical Entomology, 46(4), 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0402.

Renvoise, A., Wout, J. W. van’t, Schroeffd, J.-G. van der, Beersma, M. F., & Raoult, D. (2012). A case of rickettsialpox in Northern Europe. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, e221–e222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.11.009.

Richards, A. L., Jiang, J., Omulo, S., Dare, R., Abdirahman, K., Ali, A., Sharif, S. K., Feikin, D. R., Breiman, R. F., & Njenga, M. K. (2010). Human infection with Rickettsia felis, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(7), 1081–1086. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1607.091885.

Richards, A. L., Rahardjo, E., Rusjdi, A. F., Kelly, D. J., Dasch, G. A., Church, C. J., & Bangs, M. J. (2002). Evidence of Rickettsia typhi and the potential for murine typhus in Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66(4), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.431.

Richards, A. L., Rahardjo, E., & Soeatmadji, D. W. (2012). Rickettsial diseases: Risk for Indonesia. Bulletin of Health Research, 23(3), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v23i3Sept.236.

Richards, A. L., Ratiwayanto, S., Rahardjo, E., Kelly, D. J., Dasch, G. A., Fryauff, D. J., & Bangs, M. J. (2003). Serologic evidence of infection with ehrlichiae and spotted fever group Rickettsiae among residents of Gag Island, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68(4), 480–484. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.480.

Richards, A. L., Soeatmadji, D. W., Widodo, M. A., Sardjono, T. W., Yanuwiadi, B., Hernowati, T. E., Baskoro, A. D., Roebiyoso, Lukman Hakim, Mahindra Soendoro, Eko Rahardjo, Maidy P. Putri, John M. Saragih, Daniel SAllen L. Richards, Djoko W. Soeatmadji, M. Aris Widodo, Teguh W. Sardjono, Bagyo Yanuwiadi, Tinny E. Hernowati, Aswin D. Baskoro, R., Hakim, L., Soendoro, M., Rahardjo, E., Putri, M. P., Saragih, J. M., Strickman, D., Kelly, D. J., Dasch, G. A., Olson, J. G., Church, C. J., Corwintrickman, A. L., … Corwin, A. L. (1997). Seroepidemiologic evidence for murine and scrub typhus in Malang, Indonesia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 57(1), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.91.

Ristiyanto, Handayani, F. D., Boewono, D. T., & Heriyanto, B. (2014). Penyakit tular Rodensia. Gadjah Mada University Press.

Ristiyanto, R., H, F. D., Mulyono, A., & Hadi, T. R. (2016). Ektoparasit tungau trombikulid dan inangnya serta peluang penularan scrub typhus di beberapa daerah Pulau Jawa. Vektora: Jurnal Vektor Dan Reservoir Penyakit, 8(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.22435/vk.v8i1.4426.41-50.

Ristiyanto, Yuliadi, & Sustriayu, N. (2007). Kunci identifikasi pinjal. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit.

Rolain, J. M., Jensenius, M., & Raoult, D. (2004). Rickettsial infections: A threat to travellers? Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 17(5), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200410000-00008.

Rose, W., Kang, G., Verghese, V. P., Candassamy, S., Samuel, P., Prakash, J. J. A., & Muliyil, J. (2019). Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: A case control study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4299-2.

Rutherford, J. S., Macaluso, K. R., Smith, N., Zaki, S. R., Paddock, C. D., Davis, J., Peterson, N., Azad, A. F., & Rosenberg, R. (2004). Fatal spotted fever Rickettsiosis, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(5), 910–913. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1005.030537.

Ryan, E. T., Hill, D. R., Solomon, T., Endy, T. P., & Aronson, N. (2020). Hunter’s tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases. Elsevier.

Sakaguchi, S., Sato, I., Muguruma, H., Kawano, H., Kusuhara, Y., Yano, S., Sone, S., & Uchiyama, and T. (2004). Reemerging murine typhus, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(5), 964–965.

Salje, J., Weitzel, T., Newton, P. N., Varghese, G. M., & Day, N. (2021). Rickettsial infections: A blind spot in our view of neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 15(5), e0009353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009353.

Sapkota, S., Bhandari, S., Sapkota, S., & Hamal, R. (2017). Dengue and scrub typhus coinfection in a patient presenting with febrile illness. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases, 6214083. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6214083.

Satjanadumrong, J., Robinson, M. T., Hughes, T., & Blacksell, S. D. (2019). Distribution and ecological drivers of spotted fever group Rickettsia in Asia. EcoHealth, 16(4), 611–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-019-01409-3.

Scinachi, C. A., Takeda, G. A. C. G., Mucci, L. F., & Pinter, A. (2017). Association of the occurrence of Brazilian spotted fever and Atlantic rain forest fragmentation in the São Paulo metropolitan region, Brazil. Acta Tropica, 166, 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.025.

Schuffner, W., & Margeretha Wachsmuth. (1909). Ueber eine typhusartige Erkrankung (Pseudo-typhus of Deli). (A typhus-like disease, Pseudo-typhus of Deli). Zeitschrift fur klinische Medizin, 71: 182.

Seow, C. W.-X., Logarajah, V., & Tan, N. W. H. (2017). Typhoid and scrub typhus coinfection in a returned traveler. Global Pediatric Health, 4, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794x17726941.

Sexton, D. J., & Walker, D. H. (2006). Spotted fever group Rickettsioses. Dalam Tropical Infectious Diseases (3rd ed., 323–328). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00049-5.

Sharma, A., Raina, R., Dhiman, P., Adarsh, Madhabhavi, I., & Panda, P. (2012). Rare coinfection of scrub typhus and malaria in immunocompetent person. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 11(2).

Siak, M., & Burrows, M. (2013). Flea control in cats: New concepts and the current armoury. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X12470341.

Silva, L. J., & Papaiordanou, P. M. O. (2004). Murine (endemic) typhus in Brazil: Case report and review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 46(5), 283–285.

Socolovschi, C., Mediannikov, O., Sokhna, C., Tall, A., Diatta, G., Bassene, H., & Trape, J. (2010). Rickettsia felis-associated uneruptive fever, Senegal. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 16(7), 1140–1142. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1607.100070.

Sothmann, P., Keller, C., Krumkamp, R., Kreuels, B., Aldrich, C., Sarpong, N., Steierberg, S., Winter, D., Boahen, K. G., Owusu-Dabo, E., May, J., & Eibach, D. (2017). Rickettsia felis infection in febrile children, Ghana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(4), 783–785. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0754.

Stafford, K. C. (2004). Tick management handbook. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 71. http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/special_features/tickhandbook.pdf.

Stallings, S. P. (2001). Rocky mountain spotted fever and pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 56(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-200101000-00023.

Takeshita, N., Imoto, K., Ando, S., Yanagisawa, K., Ohji, G., Kato, Y., Sakata, A., Hosokawa, N., & Kishimoto, T. (2010). Murine typhus in two travelers returning from Bali, Indonesia: An underdiagnosed disease. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17(5), 356–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00438.x.

Tanabe, M. B., Blanton, L. S., Rosa, M. La, & Webb, C. M. (2021). Murine typhus infection in pregnancy: Case series and literature review. Pathogens, 10(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020219.

Teoh, Y. T., Hii, S. F., Graves, S., Rees, R., Stenos, J., & Traub, R. J. (2016). Evidence of exposure to Rickettsia felis in Australian patients. One Health, 2(July), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.06.001.

Teoh, Y. T., Hii, S. F., Stevenson, M. A., Graves, S., Rees, R., Stenos, J., & Traub, R. J. (2017). Serological evidence of exposure to Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia typhi in Australian veterinarians. Parasites and Vectors, 10(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2075-y.

Thangaraj, J. W. V., Vasanthapuram, R., Machado, L., Arunkumar, G., Sodha, S. V., Zaman, K., Bhatnagar, T., Shahul Hameed, S. K., Kumar, A., Abdulmajeed, J., Velayudhan, A., Deoshatwar, A., Desai, A. S., Hemanth Kumar, K., Gupta, N., Laserson, K., Murhekar, M., Shete, V., Prakash, M., … Patil, G. (2018). Risk factors for acquiring scrub typhus among children in Deoria and Gorakhpur Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(12), 2364–2367. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.180695.

Thon, Y., Fui, S., Graves, S., Rees, R., Stenos, J., & Traub, R. J. (2016). Evidence of exposure to Rickettsia felis in Australian patients. One Health, 2, 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.06.001.

Tomassone, L., Portillo, A., Nováková, M., De Sousa, R., & Oteo, J. A. (2018). Neglected aspects of tick-borne Rickettsioses. Parasites and Vectors, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2856-y.

Traub, B. R., & Wissernan, C. L. (1974). The ecology of chigger-borne Rickettsiosis (scrub typhus). Journal of Medical Entomology, 11(3), 237–303.

Tribaldos, M., Zaldivar, Y., Bermudez, S., Samudio, F., Martinez, A. A., Villalobos, R., Eremeeva, M. E., Christopher, D., Page, K., Smith, R. E., & Pascale, J. M. (2011). Case report Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama: A cluster description. J Infect Dev Ctries, 5(10), 737–741. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2189.

Um, J., Nam, Y., Lim, J. N., Kim, M., An, Y., Hwang, S. H., & Park, J. S. (2021). Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, murine typhus and spotted fever groups in North Korean refugees. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 106, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.111.

United States. Navy Department. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. (1944). Epidemiology of diseases of military importance in the Netherlands Indies: Including the identification and distribution of arthropods of medical importance. U.S. Government Printing Office.

Varghese, G. M., Raj, D., Francis, M. R., Sarkar, R., Trowbridge, P., & Muliyil, J. (2016). Epidemiology & risk factors of scrub typhus in South India. Indian J Med Res., 144(1), 76–81.

Vinarski, M. V., & Korallo-Vinarskaya, N. P. (2017). An annotated catalogue of the gamasid mites associated with small mammals in Asiatic Russia. The family Haemogamasidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Gamasina). Zootaxa, 4111(3), 223–245. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4273.1.1.

Vincent, G. (2016). Scrub typhus and its causative agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi. Dalam S. Thomas (Ed.), Rickettsiales: Biology, Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development (329–372). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46859-4.

Walker, D. H. (2017). Rickettsiae. Dalam International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 370–377). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00387-8.

Walker, D. H., & Blanton, L. S. (2014). Rickettsia rickettsii and other spotted fever group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fevers). Dalam Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edi, Vol. 2). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00188-0.

Walker, D. H., & Ismail, N. (2008). Emerging and re-emerging rickettsioses: Endothelial cell infection and early disease events. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(5), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1866.

Walker, D. H., & Raoult, D. (2011). Typhus group Rickettsioses. Dalam Tropical Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00050-1.

Walter, G., Botelho-Nevers, E., Socolovschi, C., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2012). Murine typhus in returned travelers: A report of thirty-two cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 86(6), 1049–1053. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0794.

Watt, G., & Strickman, D. (1994). Life-threatening scrub typhus in a traveler returning from Thailand. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18(4), 624–626. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.624.

Wei, Y., Huang, Y., Luo, L., Xiao, X., Liu, L., & Yang, Z. (2014). Rapid increase of scrub typhus: An epidemiology and spatial-temporal cluster analysis in Guangzhou City, Southern China, 2006-2012. PLoS ONE, 9(7), 2006–2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101976.

Weitzel, T., Acosta-Jamett, G., Martínez-Valdebenito, C., Richards, A. L., Grobusch, M. P., & Abarca, K. (2019). Scrub typhus risk in travelers to southern Chile. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 29, 78–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.01.004.

Widiastuti, D., Pramestuti, N., Wijayanti, S. P. M., & Jastal. (2020). Detection of rickettsial infection among febrile patients in Semarang City. Advances in Health Sciences Research, 24, 18–20. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200311.004.

Widjaja, S., Williams, M., Winoto, I., Farzeli, A., Stoops, C. A., Barbara, K. A., Richards, A. L., & Blair, P. J. (2016). Geographical assessment of Rickettsioses in Indonesia. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 16(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1840.

World Health Organisation. (2020). Bedbugs, fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Dalam World Health Organisation. Diakses dari https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector237to261.pdf.

Wu, J. J., Huang, D. B., Pang, K. R., & Tyring, S. K. (2005). Rickettsial infections around the world, part 2: Rickettsialpox, the typhus group, and bioterrorism. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 9(3), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-005-0134-z.

Yang, W.-H., Hsu, M.-S., Shu, P.-Y., Tsai, K.-H., & Fang, C.-T. (2021). Neglected human Rickettsia felis infection in Taiwan: A retrospective seroepidemiological survey of patients with suspected rickettsioses. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases2, 15(4), e0009355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009355.

Yu, X., Ismail, N., & Walker, D. H. (2009). Rickettsia. In Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases (1121–1145). Elsevier Inc.

Zavala-Castro, J. E., Zavala-Velázquez, J. E., Peniche-Lara, G. F., & Sulú Uicab, J. E. (2009). Human rickettsialpox, Southeastern Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(10), 1665–1667. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1510.081507.

Downloads

Published

July 7, 2022

Categories

HOW TO CITE

Details about this monograph

ISBN-13 (15)

978-623-7425-72-4