Negara, Pembangunan, dan ‘Nasionalisme’ Orang Papua yang Bertumbuh Elite Politik dan Generasi Muda

Aalen, L. (2006). Ethnic federalism and self-determination for natio- nalities in a semi-authoritarian state: the case of Ethiopia. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13(2), 243–261.

Aditjondro, G. J. 1993. Bintang Kejora di tengah kegelapan malam: Penggelapan nasionalisme orang Irian dalam historiografi Indonesia (Makalah untuk Seminar tentang Nasionalisme Indonesia pada dan menjelang Abad XXI yang diselenggarakan oleh Yayasan Bina Darma di kampus Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW), Salatiga, 2-5 Juni 1993).

Aditjondro, G. J. 2000. Cahaya bintang kejora: Papua Barat dalam kajian sejarah, budaya, ekonomi, dan hak asasi manusia. Jakarta: Elsam.

Aliansi Demokrasi untuk Papua. 2023. Laporan situasi umum hak asasi manusia tahun 2022 di Papua. Annual Report.

Al-Rahab, A. 2006. Operasi-operasi militer: Pagar makan tanaman?. Jurnal Penelitian Politik (3) 1, pp. 1-22.

Al-Rahab, A. 2013. Heboh Papua, perang rahasia, trauma dan separatisme. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.

Amirmachmud. 1987. H. Amirmachmud, prajurit pejuang: Otobiografi. Jakarta: Rora Karya Offset.

Anderson, B. 2015. Papua’s insecurity: State failure in the Indonesian periphery. Washington: East-West Center.

Anderson, B. R. O’G. 1999. Indonesian nationalism today and in the future. Indonesia, No. 67 (Apr., 1999), pp. 1-11.

Antoh, D. 2007. Rekonstruksi dan transformasi nasionalisme Papua. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.

Arriola, L. R. 2009. Patronage and political stability in Africa. Compa- rative Political Studies, 42 (10): 1339-1362.

Asian Human Rights Commission. 2013. The neglected genocide: Human rights abuses against Papuans in the central highlands, 1977- 1978. Hong Kong: Asian Human Rights Commission.

Aspinall, E. 2011. Democratization and ethnic politics in Indonesia: Nine Theses. Journal of East Asian Studies 11(2011), 289-319.

Aspinall, E and Fealy, G, eds. 2003. Local power and politics in Indonesia: decentralization and democratisation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS).

Aspinall, E. and Mietzner, M. (eds.). 2010. Problems of democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, institutions and society. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Aspinall, E. and Warburton, E. 2018. Indonesia: The dangers of demo- cratic regression. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 129, pp. 1-4.

Azra, A. 2006. Islam in the Indonesian world: An account of institutional formation. Bandung: Mizan.

Bachtiar, H.W. 1994. “Sejarah Irian Jaya” dalam Koentjaraningrat dkk. Irian Jaya membangun masyarakat majemuk. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Badan Pengelola Sumber Daya Manusia (BPSDM) Prov. Papua. 2013. Papua asli dalam angka 2013. Jayapura: BPSDM Prov. Papua.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2018. Indeks demokrasi Indonesia menurut aspek dan provinsi 2009-2017. www.bps.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2018. Proporsi penduduk yang menjadi korban kejahatan kekerasan dalam 12 tahun terakhir menurut provinsi 2015-2018. www.bps.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2018. Indeks kebahagiaan menurut provinsi 2014-2017. www.bps.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Peringkat indeks pembangunan manu- sia menurut provinsi 2010-2018-metode baru. www.bps.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Presentasi penduduk buta huruf menurut kelompok umur 2011-2019. www.bps.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Persentase penduduk miskin menurut provinsi 2007-2019. www.bps.go.id. Di Akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua. 2020. Provinsi Papua dalam ang- ka 2020. Jayapura: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua.

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua Barat. 2020. Provinsi Papua da- lam angka 2020. Manokwari: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua Barat.

Bahar, S. 1992. Himpunan risalah sidang-sidang dari Badan Penyeli- dik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), (Tanggal 29 Mei 1945-16 Juli 1945) dan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdakaan Indonesia (PPKI) (Tanggal 18-19 Agustuts 1945) yang berhubungan dengan penyusunan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. (1954). Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia.

Ballard, C. 2010. Synthetic histories: Possible futures for papuan pasts. Reviews in Anthropology Vol. 39, Issue. 4, 2010.

Baker, V. 1983. Elders in the shadow of the Big-Man. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 139 (1983), no: 1, Leiden. Pp. 1-17. Bertrand, J. 2014. Autonomy and stability: The perils of implementa- tion and ‘divide-and-rule’ tactics in Papua, Indonesia. Nationalism

and Ethnic Politics 20(2):174–99.

Bourchier, D. 2015. Illiberal democracy in Indonesia: The Ideology of the family state. Abingdon: Routledge.

Budiardjo, C. and Liong, S. L. 1984. West Papua: The obliteration of a people. London: TAPOL.

Budiatri, A. P. 2017. Relevansi Papua road map dan tawaran gagasan untuk Papua in S. R. Rusdiarti and C. Pamungkas (eds.). Updating Papua road map: Proses perdamaian, politik kaum muda, dan diaspora Papua. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Bünte, M and Ufen, A (eds). 2009. Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia. London: Routledge.

Brown, D. 1997. The state and ethnic politics in South-East Asia. Lon- don and New York: Routledge.

BPKAD Prov. Papua. 2019. Pengalokasian dana OTSUS Papua Tahun 2006 s/d 2019. Bpkad.papua.go.id. Di akses tanggal 5 Mei 2020.

Carey, P. 1986. “Waiting for the ‘Just King’: The agrarianworld of South-Central Java from Giyanti (1755) to the Java War (1825– 30).” Modern Asian Studies 20(1): 59–137.

Chairullah, E. 2022. Indonesia’s failure in Papua: The role of elites in designing, implementing and undermining special autonomy. London & New York: Routledge.

Chatterjee, P. 2005. 'The Nation in heterogeneous time'. Futures 37, no.9, pp: 925–42, doi:10.1016/j.futures.2005.01.011.

Chauvel, R. 2005a. Constructing Papuan nationalism: History, Ethni- city, and adaption. Washington: East-West Center.

Chauvel, R. 2005b. Papuan political imaginings of the 1960s: Internatio- nal conflict and local nationalisms. Papers presented at the seminar on the Act of Free Choice: Held in The Hague 15 November 2005 on the occasion of the book launch of P.J. Drooglever, Een daad van vrije keuze: De Papoea’s van westelijk Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht (An Act of Free Choice: The Papuans of western New Guinea and the limits of the rights of self-determination), pp. 39-58.

Chauvel, R. 2018. Papua as a multilateral issue for Indonesia and Australia in T. Lindsey and D. McRae (eds.). Strangers next door? In- donesia and Australia in the asian century. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.

Christiansen, P. 1969. The melanesian cargo cult: Millenarianism as a factor in cultural change. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.

Clark, G. 2003. Dumont d'urville's oceania. The Journal of Pacific His- tory, 38:2, 155-161, DOI: 10.1080/0022334032000120503

Cook, A. D. B. 2010. Investing in Papua: The dual challenges of gover- nance and development. NTS Perspectives Issue No. 2 (Aug 2010).

Crawford, J. 2006. The creation of states in international law (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dewi, R. 2017. Hijacking adat recognition through the establishment of new customary community council in Papua, Indonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 4: 555–568. doi: 10.1002/app5.193.

Diamond, L. 2010. Indonesia’s place in global democracy in E. Aspinall and M. Mietzner (eds.). Problems of democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, institutions and society. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Djojosoekarto, Et Al. 2012. Nilai-nilai dasar orang Papua dalam men- gelola tata pemerintahan (governance): Studi refleksif antropologis. Jakarta: Kemitraan.

Djopari, J. R. G. 1995. Pemberontakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Downing, L. 2008. The cambridge introduction to Michel Foucault. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Drooglever, P. J. 2014. Tindakan pilihan bebas!: Orang Papua dan penentuan nasib sendiri. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Elisabeth, A. Et Al. 2005. Agenda dan potensi damai di Papua. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Elisabeth, A. 2016. Perdamaian dan pembangunan Papua: Problema- tika politik atau ekonomi?. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, Vol. 9, no. 1.

Elmslie, J. 2010. West Papuan demographic transition and the 2010 In- donesian census: “Slow motion genocide” or not?. The University of Sydney: CPACS Working Paper No. 11/1.

Elmslie, J. and Webb-Gannon, C. 2013. “A Slow-motion genocide: In- donesian rule in west Papua.” Griffith Journal of Law and Human Dignity 1(2): 142–165.

Ethnologue. 2023. Statistics. https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/. Accessed on 17th April 2023.

Fatton, R. and Ramazani, R. K (eds.). 2004. The future of liberal demo- cracy: Thomas Jefferson and the contemporary world. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fitrani, F. Et Al. 2005. Unity in diversity? The creation of new local governments in a decentralising Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41:1. Pp. 57-79.

Flassy, D. A. L. 2019. ITU DIA – This is it, PAPUA: Recovering the identity. Gorakhpur: KSP Library.

Foucault, M. 1977. Nietzsche, genealogy, history. In D.F. Bouchard (ed). Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected Essays and interviews. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Foucault, M. 1998. Aesthetics, method, and epistimology. Edited by J.D. Faubion. New York: The New Press.

Front Nasional Mahasiswa Pemuda Papua (FNMPP). 2008. Profil FNMPP. https://fnmpp.wordpress.com/about/. Accessed on 1 August 2023.

Gault-Williams, M. 1987. Organisasi Papua Merdeka: The free Papua movement lives. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 19:4, 32-43, DOI: 10.1080/14672715.1987.10409792

Gelpke, J. S. 1993. On the origin of the name Papua. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde 149(1993), no: 2, Leiden. Pp. 318- 332.

Giay, B. and Godschalk, J. A. 1993. Cargoism in Irian Jaya today. Ocea- nia, 63, pp. 330-344.

Gietzelt, D. 1989. The indonesianization of west Papua. Oceania, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Mar., 1989), pp. 201-221.

Gillard, M. 5 November 2018. Special investigation: BP In West Papua–slow motion genocide, high speed profit. https://newmatilda. com/2018/11/05/special-investigation-bp-west-papua-slow-mo- tion-genocide-high-speed-profit/. Accessed on 17th April 2023.

Guiart, J. 1951. Forerunners of melanesian nationalism. Oceania, 22(2), 81-90.

Guichaoua, Y. 2009. Self-determination group or extra-legal governance agency? the multifaceted nature of the oodua people’s congress in Nigeria. Journal of International Development, (21), pp. 520-533.

Hadiz, V. R. 2003. Decentralisation and democracy in Indonesia; A critique of neo-institutionalist perspectives. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. Southeast Asia Research Centre, Working Paper Series 47.

Hadiz, V. R. 2010. Localising power in post-authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia perspective. California: Stanford University Press.

Hall, D. G. E. 1981. A history of South-East Asia. London and Basings- toke: Macmillan Press.

Hanita, M. (2019). Cita-cita Koreri: Gerakan politik orang Papua. UI Publishing.

Hansen, T. B. and Stepputat, F (eds). 2001. States of imagination: Ethnographic explorations of the postcolonial state. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Haryanto. 2015. Politik kain timur: Instrumen meraih kekuasaan. Yo- gyakarta: Research Center for Politics and Government DPP FISIPOL UGM.

Hedman, E. L. E. 2007. Dynamics of conflict and displacement in Pa- pua, Indonesia. RSC Working Paper No. 42. A collection of papers developed in conjunction with a one-day workshop held on the 26th October 2006 at St. Antony’s College, Oxford.

Heiduk, F. 2009. Two sides of the same coin? Separatism and democra- tization in post-Suharto Indonesia in M. Bünte and A. Ufen (eds). 2009. Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia. London: Routledge.

Hope, G. S. and Haberle, S.G. 2005. The history of the human landscapes of New Guinea in A. Pawley et al (eds.) Papuan pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking people. Canberra: The Australian National University Press.

Horowitz, D. L. 2013. Constitutional Change and democracy in Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hyden, G. 2013. African politics in comparative perspectives (second edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Imparsial. 2020. Peran internal militer: Problem tugas perbantuan TNI. Jakarta: The Indonesian Human Rights Monitor.

Indonesia Governance Index. 2012. www.kemitraan.or.id. Accessed 5 Mei 2020.

Infografis Peta Kerawanan Pemilu 2019. www.cnnindonesia.com. 14 Desember 2018. Accessed on 5 May, 2020.

Institute for Policy and Analysis of Conflict (IPAC). 2013. Carving up Papua: More districts, more trouble. 9th October 9 2013, IPAC Report No. 3.

Institute for Policy and Analysis of Conflict (IPAC). 2015. The current status of the Papuan pro-independence movement. 24 August 2015. IPAC Report No. 21.

International Coalition for Papua. 2017. Human rights in West Papua 2017: The fifth report of the International Coalition for Papua (ICP) covering events from January 2015 until December 2016. www.humanrightspapua.org. Accessed on 20 December 2022.

International Crisis Group (ICG). 2001. Indonesia: Ending repression in Irian Jaya. ICG Asia Report No 23 Jakarta/Brussels.

International Crisis Group (ICG). 2002. Indonesia: Resources and conflict In Papua. ICG Asia Report No 39 Jakarta/Brussels.

International Crisis Group (ICG). 2010. Radicalisation and dialogue in Papua. 11th March 2010, Asia Report No 188 Jakarta/Brussels. Jensen, M. 2011. Civil Society in liberal democracy. New York: Routledge.

Ju Lan, T. Et Al. 2006. Klaim, kontestasi & konflik identitas: Lokalitas vis-â-vis nasionalitas. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Kamma, F.C. 1972. Koreri: Messianic movements in the Biak-Numfor culture area. (Koninklijk Institut voor Taal-, Land- en Volker- kunde Translation Service No. 15). The Hague: Martinus Niihof.

Keesing, R. M. 1982. Definitions of people and place in R.J. May and H. Nelson (eds.). Melanesia: Beyond diversity. Canberra: The Austra- lian National University Press.

Kemendagri. 2018. Pengelolaan dana OTSUS di Provinsi Papua. Dirjen OTDA Kemendagri.

Kemenkeu. 2018. Ringkasan APBD 2018. Direktorat Jenderal Perim- bangan Keuangan RI.

Kemenkeu: Ada dana OTSUS Papua Rp. 1,85 triliun yang dideposito- kan. www.money.kompas.com. 26 Februari 2020. Accessed on 5th May 2020.

King, P. 2004. West Papua & Indonesia since Suharto: Independence, autonomy or chaos?. Sydney: UNSW Press.

Kingsbury, D. and Aveling, H. (eds). 2003. Autonomy and disintegra- tion in Indonesia. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Kivimäki, T and Thorning, R. 2002. Democritization and regional power sharing in Papua/Irian Jaya: Increased opportunites and decreased motivations for violence. Asian Survey Vol. 42, No. 4 (July/ August 2002), pp. 651-672.

Klinken, G. V. 2007. Communal violence and democratization in In- donesia. New York: Routledge.

Koentjaraningrat. 1994. Lingkungan alam. In Koentjaraningrat et al. Irian Jaya: Membangun masyarakat majemuk. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Koman, V. 2020. The 2019 West Papua uprising: Protests against racism and for self-determination. https://www.tapol.org/news/2019- west-papua-uprising-full-report. Accessed on 5 May 2023.

Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (Kontras). 2004. Laporan Penelitian bisnis militer di Boven Digoel Papua [Research Report]. https://kontras.org/home/WPKONTRAS/ wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Laporan_Digoel.pdf. Accessed on 21 August 2023.

Kreuzer, P. 2006. Violent civic nationalism versus civil ethnic natio- nalism: Contrasting Indonesia and Malay(si)a. National Identities, 8:1, 41-59, DOI: 10.1080/14608940600571289.

Laffan, M. F. 2003. Islamic nationhood and colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the winds. London and New York: Routledge.

Lagerberg, C. S. l. J. 1979. West Irian and the Jakarta imperialism. Lon- don: C. Hurst & Company.

Lane, M. 2022. Business throws its support behind Indonesia’s opposition free liberal democracy. Perspective no. 92 2022.

Lange, M. 2013. Comparative-historical methods. London: Sage. Lange, M. 2017. Comparative-historical sociology: A multi-method,

combinatorial approach in K. O. Korgen (ed.). The cambridge handbook of sociology Volume I: Core areas in sociology and the development of the discipline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lawrence, T. J. 1910. The principles of international law. Chicago: D. C. Heath & Co., Publishers.

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia in collaboration with Change. org. 2017. Hasil survey persepsi warganet terhadap isu Papua. Material presentation for press release of the survey, Jakarta, 14 December 2017.

Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (Elsam). 2014. Operasi mili- ter Papua. Jakarta: Pusat Dokumentasi pElsam.

Liddle, R. W. and Mujani, S. 2013. “Indonesian democracy: From tran- sition to consolidation,” in Democracy and Islam in Indonesia, ed. Alfred Stepan and Mirjam Kunkler (New York, NY: Columbia University Press), pp. 24–50.

Liddle, R. W. (2013). Improving the quality of democracy in Indone- sia: Toward a theory of action. Indonesia, 96: 59–80.

Litvack, J. Et Al. 1998, Rethinking decentralization in developing countries. Washington DC: The World Bank.

Mansoben, J. R. 1994. Sistem Politik tradisional di Irian Jaya, Indone- sia: Studi perbandingan. Leiden: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertasion. May, R. J. (ed). 1979. The Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border: Irianese nationalism and small state diplomacy. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. Working Paper no. 2.

May, R. J. (ed). 1986. Between two nations: The Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border and West Papua nationalism. Australia: National Library of Australia.

May, R. J. (ed). 2004. State and society in Papua New Guinea: The first twenty-five years. Canberra: ANU E Press.

McCarthy, J. F. 2004. Changing to gray: Decentralization and the emergence of volatile socio-legal configurations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. World Development 32, pp. 1199-223.

McGibbon, R. 2004. Plural society in peril: Migration, Economic change, and the papua conflict. Washington: East-West Center.

MacLeod, J. 2011. The struggle for self-determination in West Papua (1969-present). International Center on Nonviolent Conflict.

MacLeod, J. 2015. Merdeka and the morning star: Civil resistance in West Papua. Queensland: Queensland University Press.

Meckstroth, C. 2015. The struggle for democracy: Paradoxes of progress and the politics of change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia. 2021. Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Republik Indonessia No. 202.K/HK.02/MEM.S/2021 tentang Objek Vital Nasional Bidang Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. The Ministry Regulation.

Meteray, B. 2012. Nasionalisme ganda orang Papua. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.

Mietzner, M. 2007. Local elections and autonomy in Papua and Aceh: Mitigating or Fueling secessionism?. Indonesia, Oct., 2007, No. 84 (Oct., 2007), pp. 1-39.

Mietzner, M. 2018. “Fighting illiberalism with illiberalism: Islamist populism and democratic deconsolidation in Indonesia.” Pacific Affairs 91, no. 2: 261-282.

Moltchanova, A. 2009. National self-determination and justice in mul- tinational states. New York: Springer.

Moore, M. 2003. Introduction: The self-determination principle and the ethics of secession in M. Moore (ed.). National self-determination and secession. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mote, O. and Rutherford, D. 2001. From Irian Java to Papua: The limits of primordialism in Indonesia's troubled east. Indonesia, No. 72 (Oct., 2001), pp. 115-140.

Mounk, Y. 2018. The people Vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in dan- ger and how to save it. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Mudhoffir, A. M. 2020. Islamic populism and Indonesia’s illiberal demo- cracy in Thomas Power and Eve Warburton (eds.). Democracy in Indonesia: From stagnation to regression. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Muhardiansyah, Y. 29 Juni 2021. Polda Papua kekurangan 12.855 personel untuk 28 Polres. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/ polda-papua-kekurangan-12855-personel-untuk-28-polres.html. Accessed on 17th April 2023.

Müller, K. 2001. Indonesian New Guinea: West Papua/ Irian Jaya. Singapore: Periplus.

Munandar, A. A. 2020. Majapahit and the contemporary kingdoms: Interactions and views. Berkala Arkeologi, Volume 40 No. 1, May 2020, 1-22.

Muradi. 2014. Politics and governance in Indonesia: The Police in the Era of reformasi. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Musgrave, T. 2015. An analysis of the 1969 act of free choice in West Papua. In C. Chinkin & F. Baetens (Eds.), Sovereignty, Statehood and state responsibility: Essays in honour of James Crawford (pp. 209-228). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CBO9781107360075.017.

Neumann, K. 2002. Asylum seekers and non political native refugees in Papua and New Guinea. Australian Historical Studies, 33:120, 359-372, DOI: 10.1080/10314610208596225.

Nemcok , M & Wass , H 2021. Generations and political engagement. in W R Thompson (ed.) Oxford research encyclopedia of politics. Oxford University Press , Oxford . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/

Noor, F. 2016. Analisis terhadap kebijakan pemerintah tentang sepa- ratisme Papua. Jurnal Pertahanan Desember 2016, Volume 6, No- mor 3, pp. 19-45.

Nordholt, H. S. and Klinken, G. V (eds). 2007. Renegotiating bounda- ries: Local politics in Post-Soeharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV.

Ondawame, O. 2000. "One people, one soul": West Papuan nationalism and the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM)/Free Papua Movement. PhD. Dissertation: Australian National University.

Osborne, R. 1985. Indonesia’s secret war: The guerilla struggle in Irian Jaya. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

Pamungkas, C. 2017. Menelusuri perjalanan ULMWP dan diaspora Papua in S. R. Rusdiarti and C. Pamungkas (eds.). Updating Papua road map: Proses perdamaian, politik kaum muda, dan diaspora Papua. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Pasaribu, K. 2016. Noken dan konflik pemilu: Laporan awal Pilkada serentak di Papua. Jakarta: Perludem.

Penders, C. L. M. 2002. The West New Guinea debacle: Dutch coloni- zation and Indonesia, 1945-1962. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Pigay, D. N. 2001. Evolusi nasionalisme dan sejarah konflik politik di Papua. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.

Power, T. P. 2018. Jokowi’s authoritarian turn and Indonesia’s demo- cratic decline. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54:3, 307- 338, DOI: 10.1080/00074918.2018.1549918.

Preston, R. 1992. Refugees in Papua New Guinea: Government response and assistance, 1984-1988. International Migration Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Autumn, 1992), pp. 843-876.

Reid, A. 1979. The blood of the people: Revolution and the end of tradi- tional rule in northern Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Resosudarmo, B. Et Al. 2014. 'Development in Papua after special autonomy', in Hal Hill (ed.). Regional dynamics in a decentralized Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS.

Ricklefs, M. C. 2001. A history of modern Indonesia since C. 1200. Stan- ford: Stanford University Press.

Rizzo, S. G. 2004. From paradise lost to promised land: Christianity and the rise of West Papua nationalism. PhD. Dissertation: University of Wollongong.

Roth, D. 2007. 'Many governors, no province', in Nordholt, H. S., and van Klinken, G. A., eds. Renegotiating boundaries: Local politics in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Ross, M. 2005. Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages A. Pawley et al (eds.) Papuan pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Can- berra: The Australian National University Press.

Ruhyanto, A. 2016. The perils of prosperity approach in Papua. Peace Review, 28:4. Pp. 490-498.

Rupesinghe, K. 1996. Governance and conflict resolution in multiethnic societies, dalam Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov. Ethnicity and power in contemporary world. Tokyo: United Na- tions University Press.

Rutherford, D. 2012. Laughing at Leviathan: Sovereignty and audience in West Papua. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Safa’at, M. A. 2012. Problem otonomi khusus Papua in Ardimanto Et Al (eds.). Oase gagasan Papua damai. Jakarta: Imparsial.

Saltford, J. 2003. The United Nations and the Indonesian takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969: The anatomy of betrayal. London: Routledge Curzon.

Saprillah. 2019. Siswa Papua dan nasionalisme yang baik-baik saja?. MIMIKRI: Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 116–123.

Satgas Ban-5 Kopassus Pos 1 Kotaraja. 2007. Laporan Triwulan 1 Pos Kotaraja. Trimester Report.

Savage, P. 1978. The national liberation struggle in West Irian: From millenarianism to socialist revolution. Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 10 (Oct., 1978), pp. 981–995.

Savirani, A. 2004. Local strongman in new regional politics in Indonesia. Master Dissertation: University of Amsterdam.

Savitri, L. A. 2013. Korporasi dan politik perampasan tanah. Yogyakarta: INSIST Press.

Savitri, L. A. 2015. State actor brokerage in large-scale agricultural investment in Indonesia. Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian environmental transformations perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, An international academic conference 5-6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University. Conference Paper No. 77.

Savitri, L. A. 2020. Pengantar: ‘Menegarakan’ tanah dan darah Papua. Jurnal Wacana (38), pp. 5–12.

Schneider, C. Q. and Schmitter, P. C. 2004. Liberalization, transition and consolidation: measuring the components of democratization. Democratization, 11:5, 59-90, DOI: 10.1080/13510340412000287271.

Sembou, E. 2011. Foucault’s genealogy. Presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the International Social Theory Consortiumthat was held at University College Cork, Ireland on 16–17 June 2011.

Setiawan, K. 2018. “On the periphery: Human rights, Australia and Indonesia” in T. Lindsey and D. McRae (eds.). Strangers next door? Indonesia and Australia in the Asian Century. Oxford and Port- land, Oregon: Hart Publishing.

Sharp, N. 1994. The morning star in Papua Barat. Nort Carlton: Arena Publications.

Shiraishi, T. 2021. The phantom world of Digul: Policing as politics in colonial Indonesia, 1926–1941. Singapore and Japan: NUS Press in association with Kyoto University Press.

Singh, B. 2008. Papua: Geopolitics and the quest for nationhood. New Bruswick: Transaction Publisher.

Simpson, B. 2003. Power, politics, and primitivism: West Papua's struggle for self-determination. Critical Asian Studies, 35: 3. Pp. 469–475.

Sinaga, R. 2013. Masa kuasa Belanda di Papua 1898–1962. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.

Sistem Nasional Pemantauan Kekerasan (SNPK). 2015. Laporan Tahunan 2014. Jakarta: Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan RI.

Smith. A. D. 2001. Nationalism, theory, ideology, history. United Kingdom: Published by Arrangement with Blacwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford.

Smith, A. L. and Ng, Angie. Papua: Moving beyond Internal Colonialism?, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 4, 2 (December, 2002): 90-114.

Snanfi, F. L. Et Al. 2018. Politik identitas etnik asli Papua berkontestasi dalam pemilihan kepala daerah di Kota Sorong. Sosiohumaniora Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, Vol. 20, No. 2, Juli 2018: Pp. 122–131.

Snyder, J. 2000. From voting to violence: Democratization and nationa- list conflict. New York: Norton.

Soedarto. 1989. Naskah sejarah perjuangan rakyat Kalimantan Barat 1908-1950. Pontianak: Pemerintah Daerah TK.I Kalimantan Barat.

Soejono, R.P. 1994. “Prasejarah Irian Jaya”, dalam Koentjaranin- grat (ed.). Irian Jaya membangun masyarakat majemuk. Jakarta: Djambatan, hal. 23–43.

Soekarno. 1947. Lahirnja Pantja Sila. Jogjakarta: Oesaha Penerbitan Goentoer.

Spencer, J. 2007. Anthropology, politics, and the state democracy and violence in South Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Strathern. A. 1993. Violence and political change in Papua New Guinea. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Politics, tradition and change in the Pacific 149 (1993), no: 4, Leiden. Pp. 718-736. Suaedy, A. 2018. Gus Dur, islam nusantara & kewarganegaraan bineka:

Penyelesaian konflik Aceh & Papua 1999-2001. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Sugandi, Y. 2008. Conflict analysis and policy recommendation on Pa- pua. Jakarta: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

Sumule, A. A. Et Al. 2019. Kajian pemanfaatan dana otonomi khusus Papua dan Papua Barat 2002-2018. Jakarta: Kolaborasi Masyarakat dan Pelayanan untuk Kesejahteraan (KOMPAK).

Tamboukou, M. 1999. Writing genealogies: An exploration of Fou- cault's strategies for doing research. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education (20) 2, pp. 201-217.

Tanasaldy, T. 2012. Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia: Dayak politics of West Kalimantan. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Taylor, J. G. 2003. Indonesia: Peoples and histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

The New Guinea Institute. 1958. Handbook of Netherlands New Guinea 1958. Rotterdam: New Guinea Institute of Rotterdam.

Timmer, J. 2007. “Erring decentralization and elite politics in Papua.” dalam H. Schulte Nordholt and G. van Klinken (Eds). Renegotiating boundaries: Local politics in post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Turner, M. Et Al. 2003. Decentralisation in Indonesia: Redesigning the state. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.

United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2017. Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016: Freeport- McMoRan Inc. Commission File Number: 001-11307-01.

Utas, K (ed). 2012. African conflict and informal power: Big Men and networks. New York: Zed Books.

Vel, J. L. 2008. Uma politics: An ethnography of democratization in West Sumba, Indonesia, 1986-2006. Leiden: KITLV.

Viartasiwi, N. 2014. Autonomy and decentralization as remedies?: Counterinsurgency tactics for the West Papua conflict in democratic Indonesia. 27-1, June 2014.

Visser, L. 2012. Governing New Guinea: An oral history of Papuan ad- ministrators, 1950-1990. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Wanandi, J. 2012. Shades of grey: A political memoir of modern Indone- sia 1965-1998. Jakarta and Singapore: Equinox Publishing.

Webber, W. 2006. A consolidated patrimonial democracy? Democrati- zation in post-Suharto Indonesia. Democratization, 13:3, 396-420, DOI: 10.1080/13510340600579284

Webb-Gannon, C. 2021. Morning star rising: The politics of decoloniza- tion in West Papua. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Webster, D. 2002. "Already Sovereign as a people": A foundational moment in West Papuan nationalism. Pacific Affairs (74) 4, pp. 507-528.

Wenda, J. ULMWP sudah Mati, Tugas Kita Membangung Persatuan yang Baru. https://laolao-papua.com/2020/12/05/ulmwp-sudah- mati-tugas-kita-membangun-persatuan-yang-baru/. Accessed on 1 August 2023.

West Papua Council of Churches. 2021. Statement from West Papua council of churches on escalating violence and displacement of civilians in West Papua [Press Release]. https://www.papuapartners. org/news/statement-from-west-papua-council-of-churches-on- escalating-violence-and-displacement-of-civilians-in-west-pa- pua. Accessed on 5 May 2023.

Whittier, N. 1997. Political generations, micro-cohorts, and the trans- formation of social movements. American Sociological Review, Oct., 1997, Vol. 62, No. 5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 760-778.

Widjojo, M. S. 2008. Etnonasionalisme Papua dalam era demokrati- sasi in F. Noor (ed). Nasionalisme, demokratisasi dan sentimen primordial di Indonesia: Problematika etnisitas versus Keindonesiaan (Studi Kasus Aceh, Papua, Riau dan Bali). Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Widjojo, M. S. (Ed.). 2010. Papua road map: Negotiating the past, improving the present and securing the future. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia bekerjasama dengan KITLV-Jakarta.

Wilson. 2017. Transformasi gerakan kaum muda Papua in S. R. Rusdiarti and C. Pamungkas (eds.). Updating Papua road map: Proses perdamaian, politik kaum muda, dan diaspora Papua. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Wing, J. and King, P. 2005. Genocide in West Papua? The Role of the Indonesian state apparatus and a current needs assessment of the Papuan people. Sydney: CPACS, University of Sydney.

Winters, J. A. 2013. Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia. Indone- sia (96) Special Issue, 11-33. https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.96.0099

Winters, J. A. 2020. Illiberal democracy in Indonesia: The ideology of the family state by David Bourchier (review). Indonesia, Number 109, April 2020, pp. 133-136.

Wood, S. M. 2016. Independence. Encyclopedia Princentoniensis. https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/476.

Yamin, M. 1959. Naskah Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Jilid I. Bandung: Jajasan Prapantja.

Yoman, S. S. 2012. Otonomi khusus Papua telah gagal. Jayapura: Pener- bit Cendrawasih Press.

Zamora, C. M. 2021. Independent states: A perspective from interna- tional relations. Revista (94) 2, pp. 141-160.

DAFTAR WAWANCARA:

Wawancara dengan Amiruddin Al-Rahab, Komisioner Komnas HAM 2017-2022, Jakarta, 8 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Anonim A, mantan anggota AMP, Yogyakarta, 18 Januari 2023

Wawancara dengan Anonim B, Anggota MRP, Jayapura, 18 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Anonim C, Pemangku kepentingan di Provinsi Papua, Jayapura, November 2022

Wawancara dengan Anonim D, Mahasiswa dari daerah Pegunungan Tengah yang tengah belajar di Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 20 Januari 2023

Wawancara dengan Anonim F, Aktivis "Mogok Kerja" (MOKER) Freeport, Jakarta, 8 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Anonim G, mantan anggota UP4B, Jakarta, Desember 2022

Wawancara dengan Anonim H, Pekerja proyek pembangunan satelit di beberapa kabu-paten di daerah pegunungan Papua, Bogor, Januari 2023

Wawancara dengan Anthonius M. Ayorbaba, Kepala Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Provinsi Papua, Jayapura, 21 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Billy Mambrassar, Staf Khusus dan Penasihat Presiden Indonesia 2019-2024, Zoom Meeting, 6 Januari 2023

Wawancara dengan Esther Haluk, Aktivis Gerakan Rakyat Demokratik Papua Barat, Jayapura, 19 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Leonardo Imbiri, Sekretaris Jenderal DAP, Jayapura, 15 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Ronal R. Tapilatu, Kepala Biro Papua PGI, Jakarta, 8 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Salmon Wantik, Ketua BEM UNCEN 2022-2023, Jayapura, 22 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Socrates S. Yoman, Presiden Persekutuan Gereja-gereja Baptis Papua, Jayapura, 17 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Thaha Al-Hamid, mantan sekretaris jenderal PDP, Jayapura, 15 November 2022

Wawancara dengan Yops Itlay, Ketua BEM UNCEN 2020-2021 Jayapura, 19 November 2022