Tata Kelola Perikanan Berkeadilan: Integrasi Ekonomi, Hak Ulayat, dan Konservasi
Keywords:
masyarakat pesisir, tata kelola perikanan, keadilan, bioekonomi, hak ulayat, konservasiSynopsis
Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia memiliki potensi sumber daya kelautan dan perikanan yang sangat strategis, namun pemanfaatannya masih perlu diarahkan pada tata kelola yang berkeadilan, berkelanjutan, dan mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Dalam konteks tersebut, tata kelola perikanan berkeadilan dibahas melalui integrasi pendekatan ekonomi, hak ulayat, dan konservasi sebagai landasan pembangunan kelautan dan perikanan yang inklusif, adaptif, dan antargenerasi. Potensi besar sektor perikanan nasional masih dihadapkan pada berbagai persoalan struktural, seperti ketimpangan akses terhadap modal, teknologi, pasar, perlindungan sosial, serta keterlibatan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Selain itu, tekanan terhadap stok ikan, degradasi ekosistem laut, praktik penangkapan ikan ilegal, serta belum optimalnya pengakuan terhadap sistem pengelolaan lokal menunjukkan perlunya penguatan tata kelola yang berbasis sains dan keadilan. Tiga proposisi utama dirumuskan sebagai kerangka penguatan tata kelola perikanan. Pertama, keadilan dalam distribusi manfaat sumber daya perikanan perlu diperkuat melalui peningkatan akses masyarakat pesisir terhadap sumber daya produktif, pembiayaan formal, pendidikan, teknologi, pasar, dan perlindungan sosial. Kedua, pengelolaan perikanan perlu diarahkan pada instrumen ilmiah yang mampu menyeimbangkan manfaat ekonomi dan keberlanjutan ekologis, antara lain melalui model bioekonomi, Maximum Economic Yield, pengendalian upaya penangkapan, kebijakan anti-IUUF, dan pungutan pascaproduksi yang proporsional. Ketiga, konservasi dan pengelolaan perikanan perlu ditopang oleh tata kelola inklusif berbasis komunitas melalui co-management, pengakuan hak ulayat adat, serta integrasi praktik lokal seperti Sasi Laut, Awig-awig, Panglima Laot, dan Mane’e ke dalam kerangka hukum formal. Secara empiris, ditunjukkan bahwa kebijakan berbasis bukti, penguatan kelembagaan lokal, dan pengakuan terhadap hak masyarakat adat dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan, mengurangi konflik, memperbaiki kondisi ekosistem, menjaga keberlanjutan stok ikan, serta memperkuat kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Dengan demikian, tata kelola perikanan berkeadilan dapat diposisikan sebagai prasyarat strategis bagi pembangunan ekonomi biru Indonesia yang inklusif, berkelanjutan, dan mampu menjamin pemanfaatan sumber daya laut secara adil bagi generasi masa kini dan generasi mendatang.
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