Panduan Analisis Pencemaran Kimia Organik di Laut

Alamsyah, R. B. 1999. “Kebijaksanaan, Strategi, dan Program Pengendalian Pencemaran dalam Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut.” Dalam Prosiding Seminar Sehari Teknologi dan Pengelolaan Kualitas Lingkungan Pesisir dan Laut. Bandung: Jurusan Teknologi Lingkungan ITB.

Bartha, R. 1976. Biodegradation of Oil Slicks in e Marine Environment (Report of Navy O ce of Naval Research No. 00014 67a 0115 0005). Department of the Navy, O ce of Naval Research, Naval Biology, Arlington, Texas, USA: 15 hlm.

Blumer, M. 1967. “Hydrocarbonin Digestive Tract and Liver of a Basking Shark.” Science 156: 390?391.

Blumer, M. 1969. Oil Pollution of e Ocean, in: Oil on e Sea. Diedit oleh D. P. Hoult, 5?13. New York: Plenum Press.

Blumer, M.A.X., M.M. Mullin dan D.W. omas. 1963. “Pristane in zooplankton.” Science 140: 974.

Blumer, M., J. C. Robertson, J. E. Gordon, and J. Sass. 1969. “Phytol-Derived, C19 Di- and Triole nic Hydrocarbons in Marine Zooplankton and Fishes.” Biochem. 8: 4067?4074.

Blumer, M., M. M. Mullin, dan R. R. L. Guillard. 1970. “A Polyunsaturated Hydrocarbon (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-Heneicosahexaane) in e Marine Food Web.” Ar. Biol 21: 163?172.

Borne , J., F. Selenka, H. Keenete, dan A.Maximos. 1968. “Synthesis of 3,4- Benzopyrene and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plants” Arch. Hyg. Bacteriol. 152: 279?282.

Clark, Jr., R. C. dan M. Blumer. 1967. “Distribution of N-Para ns In Marine Organisms and Sediments.” Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 79?87.

Clark, R. C. dan W. D. Macleod. 1977. “Input, Transport Mechanisms, and Observed Concentrations of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms,” (D. C. Malin, ed. ). Volume 1, Academic Press. Inc., London: hlm 107.

Clark, Jr., R. C. and D. W. Brown 1977. Petroleum: Properties and Analysis in Biotic and Aiotic Systems. in: E ects of Petroleum on Artic and Subartic Marine Environments and Organisms, diedit oleh D. C. Malin. Volume 1, 1?89. London: Academic Press. Inc.

Duinker, J. C. dan M. . J. Hillerbrand. 1978. “Minimizing Blank Values in Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Analysis.” J. Chrom. 150: 195?199. Duinker, J. C. dan M. . J. Hillerbrand. 1983. “Determination of Selected

Organochlorine Compound in Seawater.” Dalam Methods of Seawater Analysis, diedit oleh K. Grasshof, M. Erhardt dan K. Kremling, 290-304. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.

El-Shahawi, M. S., A. Hamza, A. S. Bashammakh, dan W. T. Al-Saggaf. 2010. “An Overview on the Accumulation, Distribution, Transformations, Toxicity, and Analytical Methods for the Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants.” Talanta 80, no. 5: 1587–97.

Falahudin, D., K. Munawir, Z. Ari n, dan G. A. Wagey. 2011. “Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in Coastal Waters of the Timor Sea.” Coastal Marine Science 35, no. 1: 112?121.

Farrington, J. W. 1980. “An overview of the biogeochemistry of fossil fuel hydrocarbons in the marine.” Dalam Petroleum in the Marine Environment, diedit oleh L. Petrakis dan F.T. Weiss, 1-22. Washington: American Chemical Society.

Farrington, J. W. dan P. A. Meyers. 1975. “Hydrocarbons in e Marine Environment.” Dalam Environmental Chemistry, diedit oleh G. Eglinton, 109?136. London: e Chemical Society.

Gui, D., R. Yu, X. He, Q. Tu, dan Y. Wu. 2014. “Tissue Distribution and Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Indo-Paci c Humpback Dolphins from the Pearl River Estuary, China.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 86, no. 1–2: 266–273.

Graef, W. dan H. Diehl. 1966. “ e Natural Normal Levels of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and e Reasons erefor.” Arch. Hyg. Bacteriol 150, no. 1?2: 49?59.

Greenberg, A.E., L. S. Clesceri, & A.D. Eaton (eds). 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 18th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.

Greve, P. V. dan W. B. F. Grevenstuk. 1975. “A Convenient Small- Scale Clean-Up Method for Extracts of Fatty Samples With Basic Alumina Before Glc Analysis on Organochlorine Pesticide Residues.” Meded Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit. Gent 40: 1115?1124.

Hancock, J. L., Applegate dan J. D. Dodd. 1970. “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Leaves.” Amos. Environ. 4, no. 4: 363?370.

Haritash, A.K. dan C.P. Kaushik. 2009. “Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review.” J. Hazard. Matter. 169: 1–15. Hase, A. dan R. A. Hites. 1976. “On e Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments: Biosynthesis by Anaerobic

Bacteria.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40, no. 9: 1141?1143. Holden, A.V. dan K. Marsden. 1969. “ Single-stage clean-up of animal tissue extract fro organochlorine residue analysis.” J. Chromatogr 44: 481–492. Hutagalung, H. P. dan A. Rozak. 1997. Metode Analisis Air Laut, Sedimen, dan Biota. Buku 2. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi LIPI.

Jobson, A. M. , F. D. Cook, dan D. W. S. Westlake. 1972. “Microbiol Utilazation of Crude Oil.” Appl. Microbiol. 23, no. 6: 1082?1089.

Jurado-Gonza?lez, J. A., Mari?a D. G. -R., dan Manuel G. -V. 2003. “Experimental Designs in the Development of a New Method for the Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Seawater by Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry.” Analytica Chimica Acta 487, no. 2: 229–241.

Keputusan Menteri Negara Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup No. Kep-02/Menklh/1/1988 Tentang Pedoman Penetapan Baku Mutu Lingkungan. Sekretariat Negara.

Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No. 51 Tahun 2004 tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Kehidupan Biota Laut.

Khairy, M. A., J. L. Luek, R. Dickhut, dan R. Lohmann. 2016. “Levels, Sources and Chemical Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Atmosphere and Snow along the Western Antarctic Peninsula.” Environmental Pollution 216: 304–313.

Knorr, M. dan D. Schenk. 1968. “Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Com- pounds by Bacteria.” Arch. Hyg. Bacteriol 152, no. 3: 282?285.

Kucher, S. dan J. Schwarzbauer. 2017. “DDT-Related Compounds as Non-Extractable Residues in Submarine Sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA.” Chemosphere 185: 529–38.

La amme, R.E., dan R.A. Hites. 1978. “ e global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments.” Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 42: 289-303.

Lee, R. F., J. C. Nevenzel, G. A. Pa enhofer, A. A. Benson, S. Parron, dan T. E. Kavanagh. 1970. “A Unique Hexane Hydrocarbon from a Diatom (Sheletonema costatum).” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 202: 386?388.

Lee, R. F. dan A. R. Loeblich. 1971. “Distribution of 21: 6 Hydrocarbon and Its Relationship to 22: 6 Fatty Acid in Algae.” Phytochemistry 10: 593?602.

Lohmann, R. dan I. M. Belkin. 2014. “Progress in Oceanography Organic Pollutants and Ocean Fronts Across the Atlantic Ocean: A Review.” Progress in Oceanography 128: 172–84.

Macleod, Jr., W. D., D. W. Brown, A. J. Friedman, D. G. Burrows, O. Maynes, R. W. Pearce, C. A. Wigren dan R. G. Bogar. 1993. “Extractable Toxic Organic Compounds.” Dalam Standard Analytical Procedures of e NOAA National Analytical Facility: 1985-1986, diedit oleh A. Cantillo, C. Sloan, dan G. Lauenstein. USA: National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Mallet, L. dan M. Tissier. 1969. “Biosynthesis of Polycyclic Hydrocarbon of the Benzo (A) Pyrene Type in Forest Soil.” C. R. Soc. Biol. 161, no. 1: 63?65.

Muir, D. C. G. dan C. A. de Wit. 2010. “Trends of Legacy and New Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Circumpolar Arctic: Overview, Conclusions, and Recommendations.” Sci. of the Total Environ. 408, no. 15: 3044–3051.

Mukhtasor. 2007. Pencemaran Pesisir dan Laut. Jakarta: PT Pradnya Paramita

Mulkins-Phillips, G. J. dan J. E. Stewart. 1974. “E ect of Environmental Parameters on Bacterial Degradation of Bunker C Oil, Crude Oils, and Hydrocarbons.” Appl. Microbiol. 28: 915?922.

Mullins, O. C., T. Terabayashi, K. Kegasawa, I. Okuda, dan N. Fanai. 2001. “Gas-Oil Ratio of Live Crude Oils Determined by Near-infrared Spectroscopy.” Dalam Proceedings Volume 4201: Optical Methods for Industrial Processes, 73?81. Makalah disajikan pada Environmental dan Industrial Sensing; 2000. Boston, MA, United States.

National Academy of Science. 1975. “Petroleum in the Marine Environ- ment.” Dalam Workshop on Inputs, Fates, and the E ect of Petroleum in Marine Environment; 1973 May 21?25. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pencemaran Laut. Perelo, L. W. 2010. “In Situ and Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Sediments.” Review Journal of Hazardous Materials 177: 81–89. Prosser, C. M., A. D. Redman, R. C. Prince, M. Leon, J. Letinski, dan J. D. Butler. 2016. “Evaluating Persistence of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

in Aerobic Aqueous Media.” Chemosphere 155: 542–549.

Riazi, M.R. 2005. “Characterization and properties of petroleum fraction.” 427. West Conshohocken, U.S.A. .

Robichaux, T.J. dan N.H. Myrick. 1972. “Chemical enhancement of the biodegradation of crude oil pollutants.” J. Petrol. Tech. 24: 16-20.

State of the Ocean. 2013. “ e State of the Ocean Report 2013.” Terakhir dimodi kasi pada Mei 3, 2018. http://www.stateo heocean.org/ UNEP. 2005. “Ridding e World of Pops: A Guide to the Stockholm

Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.” Terakhir dimodi kasi pada 6 April 2010. http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=U- NEP-POPS-PAWA-GUID-RIDDING.En.pdf ?

UNEP. 2004. “An Overview of Our Changing Environment.” 104. London: Earthsan Publication Ltd., UK.

UNEP. 2009. “ e Nine New POPs: An introduction to the Nine Chemicals Added to the Stockholm Convention by the Conference of the Parties at Its Fourth Meeting.” Terakhir dmodi kasi pada 6 April 2010. http:// chm.pops.int/Implementation/Publications/BrochuresandLeaflets/ tabid/3013/ctl/Download/mid/2714/Default.aspx?id=4?

Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, dan L. Petrakis. 1976. “Biodegradation Rates of Components of Petroleum.” Can. J. Microbiol 22: 1209?1213. Walker, C. H., S. P. Hopkin, R. M. Sibly, dan D. B. Peakal. 2001. Principles

of Ecotoxicology. Taylor & francis Pr. 11 New Fetter Lane, London Xu, W., X. Wang, dan Z. Cai. 2013. “Analytical Chemistry of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Identi ed in the Stockholm Convention: A Review.”

Analyt. Chim. Acta 790: 1–13.

Youngblood, W.W., M. Blumer, R.L. Guillard, dan F. Fiore. 1971. “Saturated

and unsaturated hydrocarbons in marine benthic algae.” Mar. Biol,

: 190-201.

Youngblood, W.W., and M. Blumer. 1973. “Alkanes and alkenes in marine

benthic algae.” Mar. Biol. 21: 163–172.

Zhu, X., A. D. Venosa, M. T. Suidan, dan K. Lee. 2001. Guidelines for

the Bioremediation of Marine Shorelines and Freshwater Wetlands.

Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Zajic, J. E., B. Supplisson, dan Volesky. 1974. “Bacterial Degradation and

Emulsi cation of No. 6 Fuel Oil.” Sci. Technol, 8: 664–8.