Indonesia dalam Kancah Geopolitik di Indo-Pasifik

Authors

RR Emilia Yustiningrum (ed)
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional
Ella Syafputri Prihatini (ed)
Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Keywords:

geopolitik, Indo-Pasifik, Indonesia

Synopsis

Buku ini membahas tentang konseptualisasi Indonesia dalam memaknai rivalitas Amerika Serikat (AS) melawan Tiongkok dalam geopolitik di Indo-Pasifik. Hal ini diawali dengan pemahaman tentang rivalitas kedua negara besar dalam enam aspek utama, yaitu ekonomi dan persaingan dagang, militer, kemajuan teknologi dan inovasi, politik dan ideologi, diplomasi dan aliansi, serta konflik kawasan. Buku ini menggunakan kerangka pemikiran mengenai keterkaitan antara geopolitik dan geoekonomi dalam rivalitas negara besar di kawasan.

Pembahasan mengenai dinamika geopolitik di kawasan Indo-Pasifik selalu melibatkan berbagai negara sebagai pelaku utamanya. AS pada awalnya mengembangkan pivot to Asia, disambut dengan Jepang yang membangun Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), Australia menggunakan Australia’s Asian Century untuk memperkuat hubungan dengan negara-negara Asia, India yang merespons dengan Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) khususnya di kawasan Samudera Hindia, dan Tiongkok yang membangun koridor dunia melalui Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Sepuluh negara anggota ASEAN merespons dinamika geopolitik di kawasan Indo-Pasifik dengan pemahaman dan kebijakan yang berbeda satu sama lain.  

Peningkatan aktivitas dan kekuatan ekonomi Tiongkok di kawasan Asia Pasifik membuat berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia merespons dengan berbagai cara. Salah satunya melalui de-risking atau pengurangan risiko sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi ketergantungan ekonomi pada negara-negara yang dianggap berbahaya secara geopolitik, baik terhadap AS maupun Tiongkok. 

Persaingan strategis AS melawan Tiongkok juga muncul dalam industri nikel di Indonesia. Nikel yang merupakan komponen utama baterai lithium-ion menjadi bahan utama kendaraan listrik dan produk teknologi semikonduktor lainnya. Pemerintah Indonesia mengundang AS dan Tiongkok dalam pengembangan industri nikel domestik walaupun keduanya menggunakan pendekatan yang berbeda di mana AS menerapkan prinsip pasar bebas dan Tiongkok melancarkan pendekatan nasionalisme sumber daya. 

Irisan antara Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) dan Poros Maritim Dunia (PMD) membuat pemerintah Indonesia mengundang investasi Tiongkok mengenai konektivitas maritim dan pembangunan ekonomi, khususnya energi hijau di Kalimantan Utara melalui Kalimantan Industrial Park Indonesia (KIPI). KIPI menjadi salah satu perpanjangan investasi Tiongkok di Indonesia mengenai energi bersih dan terbarukan. 

Rivalitas AS-Tiongkok di ruang siber juga memengaruhi keamanan siber di Asia Tenggara. Hal ini terjadi karena persaingan kedua negara besar tersebut menjadi struktur yang membatasi upaya diplomasi siber negara-negara Asia Tenggara dan menghambat terbentuknya arsitektur norma keamanan siber yang solid di kawasan. 

Kerja sama Selatan-Selatan Triangular (KSST) melalui kebijakan Look East merupakan strategi Indonesia untuk memperkuat hubungan dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan yang mencakup bantuan pembangunan, kerja sama sektoral, dan bantuan teknis. Dalam hal ini, diplomasi biru menjadi instrumen penting dalam memanfaatkan dan melestarikan sumber daya kelautan dan mendukung berbagai inisiatif ekonomi berbasis laut.

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Author Biographies

RR Emilia Yustiningrum, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

RR Emilia Yustiningrum adalah peneliti senior pada Pusat Riset Politik, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Indonesia. Ia menyelesaikan S1 Hubungan Internasional dari Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan predikat cumlaude (2002), S2 Hubungan Internasional di University of Groningen, Belanda (2009), dan S3 Hubungan Internasional dari Griffith University, Australia (2021). Fokus kajiannya adalah politik luar negeri Indonesia, politik internasional, kawasan Indo-Pasifik, dan penanggulangan bencana. Berbagai karyanya antara lain buku berjudul Explaining Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: The Role of the Military in Post Natural Disaster Management (Palgrave Macmillan, 2024), dan bagian dari buku berjudul Indonesia’s Engagement in the Climate Change Negotiations: Building National Resilience (Elsevier, 2023), Indonesia’s Foreign Policy on the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) in Post Natural Hazard-Induced Disasters Contexts (Springer Nature, 2025), dan Natural Resource Governance in Indonesia from a Political Perspective: The Marine, Fisheries, and Forestry Cases (Springer Nature, 2025). Ia dapat dihubungi melalui email: rrem001@brin.go.id atau emilia.yustiningrum@gmail.com

Ella Syafputri Prihatini, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Ella Syafputri Prihatini, seorang Asisten Profesor Ilmu Politik di Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (UMJ) dan peneliti di Centre for Muslim States and Societies (CMSS) University of Western Australia (UWA). Fokus penelitiannya meliputi representasi politik, studi gender, media digital, dan politik komparatif di Asia. Karya-karyanya telah dipublikasikan di jurnal-jurnal terkemuka, seperti Politics and Gender, Contemporary Politics, Parliamentary Affairs, dan Women’s Studies International Forum, serta beberapa bab buku, termasuk tentang representasi substantif di parlemen Asia (Routledge), perkembangan representasi politik perempuan di Indonesia (ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute), dan Palgrave Handbook of Fashion and Politics. Ella meraih gelar sarjana hubungan internasional dari Universitas Gadjah Mada (2004), gelar magister praktik pembangunan dari University of Queensland (2010) yang didanai oleh Australian Development Scholarships (ADS), dan gelar doktor ilmu politik dan hubungan internasional dari UWA (2019) sebagai penerima beasiswa Endeavour. Pada September 2019, ia diakui sebagai salah satu dari 40 Peneliti Top Australia dalam laporan khusus ‘Bintang Penelitian’ yang diterbitkan oleh koran The Australian. Email: ella.syafputri@umj.ac.id.

Maulana Ibrahim, Universitas Negeri Medan

Maulana Ibrahim seorang staf pengajar di Universitas Negeri Medan. Menempuh pendidikan S1 di Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara jurusan Hukum Perdata dan S2 di Universitas Sumatera Utara jurusan Ilmu Hukum. Maulana memiliki ketertarikan dalam kajian hukum, politik, dan kebijakan publik.
E-mail: maulanaibrahim@unimed.ac.id

Poppy Wulandari, Politeknik Negeri Medan

Poppy Wulandari seorang staf pengajar Politeknik Negeri Medan. Poppy memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan (Ekonomi) dari Universitas Negeri Medan tahun 2017 dan gelar Master of Business Administration in International Business dari National Dong Hwa University Taiwan tahun 2020. Poppy memiliki kecenderungan dan minat dalam kajian di bidang ekonomi dengan sudut pandang berbagai lintas ilmu. Ia dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail: poppywulandari@polmed.ac.id

Baiq Wardhani, Universitas Airlangga

Baiq Wardhani adalah staf pengajar di Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. Ia lulus dengan gelar Sarjana dari Universitas Airlangga; Magister, dan Doktor dari Universitas Monash, Australia. Ia mengajar beberapa mata kuliah, diantaranya Pengantar dan Teori Hubungan Internasional; Kosmo­politanisme, Nasionalisme, dan Fundamentalisme; Masyarakat, Budaya, dan Politik Pasifik Selatan; Organisasi Internasional dan Bisnis; Teori Sosial Kontemporer. Baiq Wardhani adalah Pemimpin Redaksi Jurnal Global Strategis, yang diakreditasi oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi Indonesia sejak 2011. Pengalaman internasionalnya di antaranya adalah menjadi dosen tamu di beberapa universitas di luar negeri, aktif menulis di jurnal ilmiah, dan penerima beberapa international awards. Ia dapat dihubungi melalui email: baiq.wardhani@fisip.unair.ac.id; baiq.wardhani@gmail.com

Sarah Anabarja, Universitas Airlangga

Sarah Anabarja adalah pengajar di Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. Sarah menamatkan gelar Sarjana dan Master di bidang Hubungan Internasional di Universitas Airlangga. Ia melanjutkan studi doktoralnya di National Chengchi University, Taiwan hingga lulus pada tahun 2023. Fokus kajiannya adalah aktivisme global, khususnya oleh aktor non-negara; juga pada isu-isu di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Beberapa mata kuliah yang Ia ampu antara lain; Masyarakat Budaya dan Politik Tiongkok, HI di Asia Timur, Studi Pembangunan Internasional, INGO dan Tata Kelola Global, dan Tata Kelola Regional Indo-Pasifik. Selain mengajar, Sarah juga turut menjadi editor Jurnal Hubungan Internasional (JHI) yang terafiliasi dengan Cakra Studi Global Strategis (CSGS), sebuah pusat studi yang berada dalam pengelolaan Departemen Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga. Ia dapat dihubungi melalui email: sarah.anabarja@fisip.unair.ac.id.

Renatha Ayu Rossdiana, Universitas Airlangga

Renatha Ayu Rossdiana menamatkan S1 Ilmu Hubungan Internasional di Universitas Gadjah Mada dan melanjutkan S2 Hubungan Internasional di Universitas Airlangga. Sebelumnya, penulis pernah bekerja di bagian kerja sama Luar negeri di LIPI dan BRIN. Saat ini, penulis bekerja di International Office, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur. Beberapa publikasi yang pernah diterbitkan sebelumnya diantaranya The Urgency of China’s Crypto Mining Ban in relation to the Carbon Neutral Policy 2060 (2023), dan “The Effectiveness of the Global Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online to Diminish Illegal Wildlife Trafficking (IWT)” (2023). Penulis dapat dihubungi melalui email renatha.rossdiana.rr@gmail.com.

Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto adalah peneliti di Pusat Riset Kewilayahan– Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (PRW – BRIN). Menda­patkan gelar Doktor Antropologi dari Tokyo Metropolitan University, Jepang. Saat ini menekuni bidang kajian kewilayahan (area studies) dalam isu migrasi internasional orang Indonesia di Taiwan dan Jepang, kajian China mengenai isu hubungan antar masyarakat dan kebudayaan, serta beberapa isu pembangunan berkelanjutan dan etnisitas di Indonesia. Dapat dihubungi melalui email: rudolfyuniarto@gmail.com. Karya tulisnya dapat dilihat dalam link: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=oIFL_9oAAAAJ&hl=en.

Wabilia Husnah, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Wabilia Husnah merupakan peneliti muda di Direktorat Kebijakan Pembangunan Manusia, Kependudukan, dan Kebudayaan, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (PMKK-BRIN). Ia menyelesaikan jenjang pendidikan S1 Sastra Cina di Universitas Indonesia, dan jenjang pendidikan S2 Kajian Gender di Universitas Indonesia. Bidang penelitian yang ditekuninya adalah Kajian Tiongkok dan Kajian Budaya, dengan fokus pada isu gender, dan budaya populer. Ia dapat dihubungi melalui email wabiliahusnah89@gmail.com; wabilia.husnah@brin.go.id.

Ali Abdullah Wibisono, Universitas Indonesia

Ali Abdullah Wibisono adalah Lektor Kepala di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Departemen Hubungan Internasional dan Sekolah Pascasarjana Studi Strategis dan Internasional, Program Studi Terorisme, Universitas Indonesia. Ia menyelenggarakan beberapa mata kuliah keamanan internasional di Universitas Indonesia, termasuk Teori Keamanan Internasional, Keamanan Non-Tradisional, Pengkajian Strategi, dan Kebijakan Keamanan Indonesia. Ia juga menyelenggarakan mata kuliah di program studi Kajian Terorisme, Sekolah Studi Strategis dan Global, Universitas Indonesia, termasuk Kerangka Analisis untuk Terorisme dan Penanggulangan Terorisme, Media, Globalisasi dan Terorisme, dan Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Ekstremisme Kekerasan. Publikasi penelitiannya berkisar pada area terorisme dan kontra-terorisme, terorisme siber dan keamanan siber, keamanan maritim, dan rivalitas geopolitik. Ia memperoleh gelar Ph.D (2015) dan MA (2008) dari University of Nottingham, serta gelar sarjana (2005) dari Universitas Indonesia. Publikasi-publikasinya dapat diakses melalui URL Google Scholar berikut:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=id&user=9QW4KF0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&authuser=2&sortby=pubdate

Arrizal Anugerah Jaknanihan, Australian National University

Arrizal Anugerah Jaknanihan adalah peneliti di ASEAN Studies Program, The Habibie Center. Fokus kajian Arrizal meliputi keamanan ekonomi, arsitektur keamanan kawasan, dan politik perdagangan internasional di ASEAN. Ia memperoleh gelar Master of International Relations dari The Australian National University dan Sarjana Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dari Universitas Gadjah Mada. Publikasi terkini Arrizal “Why is economic interdependence not weaponised?” mengenai geoekonomi di Asia Tenggara diterbitkan di Australian Journal of International Affairs. Ia saat ini juga terafiliasi sebagai Associate Fellow di Helsinki Geoeconomics Society. Arrizal dapat dihubungi melalui email: arrizal.jaknanihan@gmail.com

Alfin Febrian Basundoro, Australian National University

Alfin Febrian Basundoro merupakan staf pengajar di Departemen Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga. Alfin memiliki fokus kajian pada bidang politik luar negeri dan pertahanan Indonesia dan geopolitik Asia Tenggara. Alfin telah mempublikasikan sejumlah karya di berbagai media nasional dan internasional, seperti Detik, Jawa Pos, Antara, Lowy Institute, dan East Asia Forum. Alfin dapat dihubungi melalui pos-el alfinfebrian@fisip.unair.ac.id

Ganjar Widhiyoga, Universitas Slamet Riyadi

Ganjar Widhiyoga adalah dosen Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Universitas Slamet Riyadi (UNISRI), Surakarta. Ganjar menyelesaikan pendidikan Sarjana dan Magister dari Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UGM. Selanjutnya, Ganjar menyelesaikan pendidikan Doktoral dari School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, United Kingdom. Ganjar memiliki fokus riset pada pengaruh globalisasi di tingkat lokal. Ganjar dapat dihubungi melalui ganjar.widhiyoga@gmail.com atau ganjar.widhiyoga@unisri.ac.id

Hasna Wijayati, Universitas Slamet Riyadi

Hasna Wijayati saat ini bekerja sebagai dosen Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Universitas Slamet Riyadi (UNISRI), Surakarta. Hasna memiliki minat riset pada ekonomi politik, spesifiknya pada ­penguatan potensi daerah untuk menghadapi tantangan di pasar global. Hasna merupakan lulusan Program Sarjana Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UNISRI dan Program Magister Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UGM. Hasna dapat dihubungi melalui hasna.wijayati@unisri.ac.id

Megah Rahmat Ramadhan, Universitas Slamet Riyadi

Megah Rahmat Ramadhan telah menamatkan pendidikan dari Program Sarjana Ilmu ­Hubungan Internasional UNISRI. Saat ini, Megah menjadi asisten peneliti pada Laboratorium Diplomasi dan Kerja Sama Internasional UNISRI. Megah memiliki minat penelitian pada strategi dan geopolitik. Megah dapat dihubungi melalui megahrahmat8@gmail.com

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