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Perkembangan energi Indonesia berawal dari pengeboran minyak bumi sekitar tahun 1850-an yang dilanjutkan dengan penemuan energi baru dan terbarukan pada tahun 1970-an. Salah satu energi baru dan terbarukan adalah bioenergi. Bioenergi adalah energi yang berasal dari material hayati, baik hewan, tumbuhan maupun mikroorganisme yang mempunyai bentuk padat, gas, dan cair. Bioenergi yang dimanfaatkan untuk bahan bakar alat transportasi dan mesin dikategorikan sebagai biofuel. Biofuel berdasarkan sumber material, waktu, dan teknologi yang digunakan, digolongkan menjadi generasi kesatu (berbasis bahan pangan), generasi kedua (berbasis lignoselulosa), dan generasi ketiga (berbasis alga), serta generasi keempat (berbasis terobosan teknologi).
Berdasarkan permasalahan kebutuhan energi, sumber energi, dan polusi lingkungan dari energi konvensional, maka diperlukan solusi penciptaan energi bersih dan ramah lingkungan. Materi yang berkaitan dengan penelitian EBT, perkembangan EBT, status penelitian biofuel generasi ketiga (sumber, proses, dan refinery), strategi, dan tantangan aplikasi biofuel; rekomendasi agar biofuel dapat diaplikasikan; dan peran para pemangku kepentingan yang diharapkan; serta kendala dan tantangan akan disajikan dalam bab-bab berikut ini.
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