Sifat dan Pengelolaan Tanah Sulfat Masam dan Gambut

Authors

Arifin Fahmi, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional; Muhammad Noor, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional; Dedi Nursyamsi, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia; Ani Susilawati, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia; Izhar Khairullah, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional; Muhrizal Syarwani, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia; Muhammad Saleh, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55981/brin.787

Keywords:

Pengelolaan lahan rawa, Tanah sulfat masam, Tanah gambut, Budi daya tanaman, Ilmu tanah

Synopsis

Tanah sulfat masam dan tanah gambut, dua jenis tanah bermasalah yang berada pada ekosistem lahan basah (wetland). Kedua jenis tanah ini baru populer sejak 1970-an dengan adanya pembukaan persawahan pasang surut bersamaan dengan program transmigrasi, tetapi selalu diperbincangkan sampai sekarang karena belum memberikan kepuasan dalam pemanfaatannya. Pada awalnya, dilaporkan produksi padi dan komoditas lainnya yang diusahakan oleh para transmigran, bahkan beberapa tanaman yang dibudidayakan, gagal tumbuh. Buku Sifat dan Pengelolaan Tanah Sulfat Masam dan Gambut ini mencoba mengupas lebih detail tentang sifat kedua jenis tanah bermasalah terkait dengan pemanfaatannya untuk pertanian. Buku ini dapat dimanfaatkan peneliti, penyuluh, sivitas akademika, termasuk penyusun kebijakan dan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder) yang terkait dengan bidang pertanian, perkebunan, kehutanan, perikanan, peternakan, dan lingkungan hidup sebagai pengetahuan sekaligus menambahkan khazanah pustaka tentang lahan basah secara umum dan lahan rawa khususnya. Selamat membaca!

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Author Biographies

Arifin Fahmi, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Ia lahir di ­Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan pada November 1976. Ia menyelesaikan pendidikan S-1 di Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (2000), S-2 Ilmu Tanah pada Program
Pascasarjana Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada (2008), dan S-3 Ilmu Pertanian pada Program Doktoral Universitas Gadjah Mada (2012). Ia pernah bekerja sebagai peneliti di Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, pada tahun 2001 sampai 2021. Selanjutnya, mulai tahun 2022 hingga saat ini, ia bekerja sebagai peneliti di Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN).

Selama berkarier, ia telah menghasilkan berbagai karya tulis ilmiah yang tersebar di berbagai jurnal, prosiding, dan sebagai bagian dari buku teks. Bebe­rapa karya tulis ilmiah yang sudah diterbitkan dalam 5 tahun terakhir, antara lain “Indigenous Technology of Banjarese-Local Rice Cultivation System: A Lesson Learned for Acid Sulphate Soils ­Management”; “Coastal Acid-Sulfate Soils of Kalimantan, Indonesia, for Food ­Security: Characteristics, Management, and Future Directions”; “Fe-P Pools as ­Phosphorus Source for Rice in Acid Sulfate Soils”; “A Century of Traditional Rice Farming in Tidal Swamplands of South Kalimantan, Indonesia: Its Impact on Breeding and Conservation Program”; “Natural Wet Ponds’ Role as Fresh Water Storage in Tropical Environment” (Clean Water and Sanitation - Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Springer Book); “Ameliorasi Tanah Sulfat Masam untuk Budidaya Padi” dalam buku Inovasi Teknologi Lahan Rawa; “Karakteristik Lahan Rawa” dalam buku Agroekologi Rawa; "The Role of Peat Decomposition Stage on Iron Solubility and Distribution in Tidal Swamps”; “The Influence of Peat Layer Above Sulphidic Material on Iron Dynamic in Wetland”; “Peran Sifat Tanah Awal dalam Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah Sulfat Masam Akibat Aplikasi Jerami Padi”; “Impact of Land Reclamation on Acid Sulphate Soil and Its Mitigation”; “The Utilization of Agricultural Waste for Peatland Management”; “In Case Chili Cultivation”; “The Interaction of Peat and Sulphidic Material as Substratum in Wetland: Ash Content and Electrical Conductivity Dynamic”; “The Role of Land Inundation Type of Tidal Swamp Land on The Chemical Properties of Potential Acid Sulphate Soils Under Fertilizer and Lime Application”; “Peranan Lapisan Gambut pada Dinamika Fraksi Besi di Lahan Pasang Surut”; “Environmental Friendly Management of Acid Sulphate Soils, The Interaction of Peat Layer and Sulphidic Materials as Substratum”; “A Natural Equilibrium for Nutrients and Metals in Wetland”; “Pengaruh Lapisan Gambut di Atas Bahan Sulfidik Terhadap Dinamika Kelarutan Fe di Lahan Gambut”; dan “Fraksi Besi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kelarutan Fosfor di Lahan Rawa”.

Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai peneliti, ia aktif menjalin kerja sama penelitian dengan berbagai instansi/lembaga, baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri, antara lain proyek penelitian Tropical Peat Biochemical Interaction with Acid Sulphate Soil (TROPEAS) bersama University of Helsinsky (Finlandia), Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Cantho University (Vietnam), dan Universitas Palangka Raya (Indonesia). Ia juga menjalankan proyek kerja sama penelitian berjudul "Study of Ecohydrology Approach on Peatland in Ex-Mega Rice Project Location in Central Kalimantan" bersama Asia-Pacific Centre for Ecohydrology (APCE)-UNESCO tahun 2017. Selain itu, ia juga mengikuti Scientific Exchange di Thailand pada tahun 2015 dan 2018, serta Vietnam pada tahun 2010, dan Training Analytical Instrument di Singapore pada tahun 2016.

Muhammad Noor, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Ia lahir di Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan pada November 1957. Ia menyelesaikan pen­didikan S-1 Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada (1984), S-2 Fakultas/Program Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor (1989), dan S-3 pada Program Doktoral Universitas Gadjah Mada (2004). Ia dikukuhkan sebagai Profesor Riset bidang Kesuburan Tanah Dan Biologi Tanah oleh Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) pada tahun 2014 sebagai Profesor Riset ke-451. Ia bekerja sebagai peneliti di Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan. Sejak tahun 2022, ia bekerja sebagai peneliti di Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN).

Selama berkarier, ia telah menghasilkan berbagai karya tulis ilmiah yang tersebar pada berbagai jurnal, prosiding, buletin ilmiah, dan majalah ilmiah. Ia juga menulis dalam bentuk buku teks yang telah diterbitkan dalam 5 tahun terakhir, antara lain (1) Debat
Gambut: Ekonomi, Ekologi, Politik dan Kebijakan (Penerbit Gadjah Mada University Press [GMUP], 2016); (2) Kebakaran Lahan Gambut: Dari Asap sampai Kanalisasi (Penerbit GMUP, 2019); (3) Pemanfaatan dan Pengelolaan Lahan Rawa: Kearifan, Kebijakan, dan Keberlanjutan (Penerbit GMUP, 2021) yang ditulis bersama Yiyi Sulaeman; dan (4) Trivia Rawa: Serba-Serbi Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa yang ditulis bersama Destika Cahyana dan Muhrizal Sarwani. 

Penghargaan yang telah ia raih, antara lain anugerah Agro Inovasi sebagai Inovator Luar Biasa Bidang Hak Cipta dan Merek oleh Menteri Pertanian pada tahun 2011 dan tanda jasa Karya Satya Lencana 30 tahun dari Pemerintah RI pada tahun 2016. Selain kerap menjadi narasumber pada berbagai lembaga pemerintah, swasta, LSM (NGO),  ia juga mengajar dan membimbing mahasiswa tingkat sarjana (S-1) dan pascasarjana (S-2 dan S-3) di beberapa perguruan tinggi negeri dan swasta. Selain itu, ia juga aktif sebagai editor atau penyunting buku, dewan redaksi, dan mitra bestari pada beberapa jurnal dan majalah ilmiah nasional.

Dedi Nursyamsi, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia

Ia lahir di Ciamis, Jawa Barat pada Juni 1964 sebagai anak ke-2 dari 5 bersaudara. Ia menyelesaikan S-1 Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor (1987), S-2 bidang nutrisi tanaman di Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Jepang (2000), dan S-3 program studi ilmu tanah yang ditempuhnya di Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor (2008). Ia menerima anugerah Profesor Riset di bidang Ilmu Tanah, Agroklimatologi, dan Hidrologi (2017) dan tanda kehormatan Satyalancana Karya Satya XX (2015) serta XXX (2020).

Ia menjabat sebagai Kepala Subbidang Program Puslitbang Tanah dan Agroklimat (2001–2003), Kepala Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian (2008–2012), Kepala Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (2012–2014), Kepala Balai Besar Litbang Sumber Daya Lahan
Pertanian (2014–2019), Staf Ahli Menteri Pertanian Bidang
Infrastruktur (2019), dan Kepala Badan Penyuluhan dan
Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Pertanian (BPPSDMP) sejak tahun 2019 sampai sekarang.

Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai peneliti, ia aktif menjalin kerja sama penelitian dengan berbagai instansi swasta dan pemerintah, baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri. Instansi dari dalam negeri, antara lain kementerian, lembaga riset, dan perguruan tinggi, serta swasta. Adapun instansi dari luar negeri, antara lain IFDC, IMPHOS, OCP, Chiba University, Hokkaido University, IRRI, JICA, dan NIAES. Selain itu, ia juga aktif membimbing mahasiswa S-1, S-2, dan S-3 dari berbagai perguruan tinggi di tanah air, baik negeri maupun swasta.Ia juga menghasilkan banyak karya tulis ilmiah yang terbit dalam jurnal, prosiding, dan buletin ilmiah, baik skala nasional maupun internasional. Beberapa karya tulis dalam bentuk buku teks, antara lain Pedoman Pengelolaan Lahan Sulfat Masam untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan (Penerbit IAARD Press Jakarta-GMU Press, 2014); Pedoman Pengelolaan Lahan Gambut untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan (Penerbit IAARD Press Jakarta-GMU Press, 2014); Pedoman Pengelolaan Lahan Rawa Lebak untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan (Penerbit IAARD Press Jakarta-GMU Press, 2014); dan Sistem Surjan: Model Pertanian Adaptif Perubahan Iklim (IAARD Press, 2014).

Ani Susilawati, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia

Ia lahir di Kuala Kapuas pada November 1977. Ia menyelesaikan pendidikan S-1 di Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (2000) dan S-2 di Fakultas/Program Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada (2012). Ia menjabat sebagai Peneliti Ahli Madya bidang Ilmu Tanah, Agro­klimatologi, dan Hidrologi di Balai ­Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa dan sebagai Sekretaris Himpunan Peneliti Indonesia (HIMPENINDO) wilayah Kalimantan Selatan.

Ia aktif dalam berbagai kegiatan seminar/workshop/FGD/temu teknis dan pelatihan skala daerah, nasional, dan internasional. Selama berkarier, ia telah menghasilkan berbagai karya tulis ilmiah yang tersebar dalam berbagai jurnal, prosiding, buletin ilmiah, dan majalah ilmiah populer. Ia merupakan penulis salah satu buku teks yang berjudul Tanah Rawa: Pembentukan, Karakteristik, dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Pertanian (IAARD Press, 2017) dan turut menulis bagian buku bunga rampai dengan judul “Teknologi Inovasi Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan Nasional” (IAARD Press, 2014); “Pengelolaan Air untuk Budidaya Padi di Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut” (IAARD Press, 2014); “Lahan Rawa Lebak: Sistem Pertanian dan Pengembangannya” (IAARD Press, 2017); “Agroekologi Rawa” (PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 2017); “Inovasi Teknologi Lahan Rawa: Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan” (Rajawali Press, 2018); “Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa: Dukungan Teknologi Menuju Lumbung Pangan Dunia” (IAARD Press, 2019); dan “Optimasi Lahan Rawa: Akselerasi Menuju Lumbung Pangan Dunia 2045” (IAARD Press, 2020). Selain itu, ia juga menulis salah satu bagian dari buku Tropical Peatland Eco-management (Springer, 2021). Sejak tahun 2022, ia bekerja sebagai Penyuluh Pertanian Ahli Madya pada Badan Standarisasi Instrumen Pertanian Lahan Rawa (BSIP), Kementrian Pertanian.

Izhar Khairullah, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Ia lahir di Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan pada Desember 1968. Ia menye­lesaikan pendidikan S-1 jurusan Budidaya Pertanian pada Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru (1992), S-2 program studi Agronomi pada Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru (2005), dan S-3 program studi Ilmu Pertanian minat Agronomi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta (2012).

Pada tahun 1996, ia mengikuti pelatihan “Introduction to New Developments in GXE Analysis and Interpretation of Results” di Bogor yang dilaksanakan oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan (Puslitbangtan) bekerja sama dengan International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Pada Agustus 2003, ia ditugaskan untuk mengikuti pelatihan “Rice Breeding Course: Planning Rice Breeding Program for Impact” yang diselenggarakan oleh IRRI di Los Banos, Laguna, Filipina. Pada tahun 1994, ia mengikuti pelatihan “Synthetic Aperture Radar MAP RIICE Training” ICALRD, Bogor; dan pada tahun 2015 mengikuti pelatihan “Synthetic Aperture Radar: Theory and Applications” di Vancouver, Kanada.

Ia aktif menulis karya tulis ilmiah pada jurnal internasional dan nasional, prosiding internasional dan nasional, serta bagian buku dan bunga rampai. Selain itu, ia juga aktif mengikuti seminar/simposium international dan nasional. Ia berpengalaman mengajar mata kuliah Pengantar Ilmu Pemuliaan Tanaman pada program studi Agroteknologi, Faperta Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (ULM). Selain itu, ia pernah membimbing mahasiswa S-1 pada program studi Biologi Fakultas MIPA ULM serta menguji mahasiswa S-1 FMIPA ULM dan S-3 Faperta Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.

Ia turut serta dalam melepas varietas unggul Margasari, Martapura, dan Inpara-3, serta varietas unggul lokal Siam Mutiara dan Siam Saba. Ia tercatat sebagai anggota Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia (PERAGI), Perhimpunan Ilmu Pemuliaan Indonesia (PERIPI), Himpunan Ilmu Tanah Indonesia (HITI), Perhimpunan Meteorologi Indonesia (PERHIMPI), dan Himpunan Peneliti
Indonesia (HIMPENINDO). Ia pernah bekerja di Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (Balittra) dengan peran sebagai Koordinator Program dan Evaluasi (2013–2019) dan Ketua Kelti Pengelolaan Hara dan Tanaman Balittra (2021–2022). Setelah itu, ia bekerja dengan jabatan fungsional Peneliti Ahli Utama bidang Budidaya Tanaman di Badan Riset dan Inovasi nasional (BRIN).

Muhrizal Syarwani, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia

Ia lahir di Banjarmasin pada Maret 1960. Ia adalah Peneliti Ahli Utama pada Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembang ­Sumber daya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP) di Bogor. Sebelumnya, sejak tahun 1983, ia bekerja sebagai peneliti pada Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (Balittra), ­Kalimantan Selatan. Ia mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Pertanian (Ir., S-1) dari Jurusan Ilmu Tanah Fakultas Pertanian IPB tahun 1983, gelar Master of Science (M.Sc.) dari jurusan Soil and Water, Wageningen Agricultural ­University (sekarang Wageningen University Research) di Belanda pada tahun 1987. Gelar PhD dirahinya dari University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia, pada tahun 2001 dengan bidang kajian Land Management. Tahun 1988–1990, ia terlibat dalam kerja sama penelitian Indonesia-Belanda terkait lahan rawa sulfat masam di Kalimantan (LAWOO Project). Tahun 1990, ia menerima research grant dari Badan Litbang Pertanian untuk kegiatan Penelitian Pengembangan Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut di Kabupaten Batola, Kalimantan Selatan. Ia juga telah mendapat anugerah Satyalancana Karya Satya 30 tahun dari Pemerintah RI diterima pada tahun 2016.

Ia kerap menjadi narasumber di berbagai seminar/pelatihan pada lingkup kementerian, perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat serta sering menjalin interaksi dengan lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM), khususnya di Kalimantan Tengah, yaitu CARE International dan World Education. Ia juga didaulat untuk menjadi pembimbing dan penguji mahasiswa S-2 dan S-3 di ULM dan IPB. Ia sering diundang sebagai delegasi Indonesia pada beberapa pertemuan internasional, antara lain The Second Senior Officials Meeting of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Green House Gases Governance Working Group di Paris, Prancis; The 19th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-19) di New York, Amerika Serikat; dan The Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Basel Convention, the Rotterdam Convention, and the Stockholm Convention 2019 di Jenewa, Swiss.

Adapun karya tulis ilmiah yang ditulisnya terbit di jurnal dan prosiding, baik nasional maupun international. Ia juga telah menulis beberapa buku teks yang sudah diterbitkan, antara lain Lahan Rawa:
Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Penerbit AARD Press, 2012) dan Trivia Rawa: Serba-Serbi Sumber Daya Lahan Rawa (Penerbit Gadjah Mada University Press [GMUP], 2021).

Selain sebagai peneliti, ia juga diberi amanah sebagai pejabat struktural di beberapa tempat, yaitu Kepala BPTP Kalimantan Tengah di Palangkaraya (2004–2006); Kepala Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian di Bogor (2006–2010); Kepala Balai Besar LitBang Sumber daya Lahan Pertanian di Bogor (2010–2014); dan Direktur Pupuk dan Pestisida, Ditjen Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian, Kementan (2014–2019). Sejak tahun 2022, ia bekerja sebagai Analis Kebijakan Utama pada Badan Standarisasi Instrumen Pertanian (BSIP), Kementrian Pertanian.

Muhammad Saleh, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Ia lahir di ­kabupten Hulu Sungai Tengah pada Mei 1960. Ia menyelesaikan pen­didik­an S-1 di Jurusan Produksi dan Pengelolaan Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lambung Mangkurat dan S-2 pada prog­ram pas­casarjana Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gajah Mada. Ia menjabat sebagai Peneliti Ahli Utama bidang Genetika dan Pemuliaan Tanaman pada Balittra. Selanjutnya, sejak tahun 2022, ia bekerja sebagai peneliti di Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN).

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